The association between an achiral copper(II) host (1) and chiral carboxylate guests was studied using exciton-coupled circular dichroism (ECCD). Enantiomeric complexes were created upon binding of the enantiomers of the carboxylate guests to the host, and the sign of the resultant CD signal allowed for determination of the configuration of the studied guest. The difference in magnitudes and shapes of the CD signals, in conjunction with linear discriminant analysis (LDA), allowed for the identity of the guest to be determined successfully. A model was created for the host:guest complexes which successfully predicts the sign of the observed CD signal. Further, Taft parameters were used in the model, leading to rationalization of the observed magnitudes of the CD signals. Finally, the enantiomeric excess (ee) of unknown samples of three chiral carboxylic acid guests was determined with an average absolute error of ± 3.0%.

A method for discriminating between α-chiral primary amine enantiomers is reported. The method utilizes circular dichroism spectroscopy and a sensing ensemble composed of 2-formyl-3-hydroxyl pyridine (4) and Fe(II)(TfO)2. Aldehyde 4 reacts rapidly with chiral amines to form chiral imines, which complex Fe(II) to form a series of diastereomeric octahedral complexes that are CD active in both the UV and visible spectrum. NMR studies showed that, for enantiomerically pure imine complexes, the Δ-fac isomer is preferred. A statistical analysis of the distribution of stereoisomers accurately models the calibration curves for enantiomeric excess. CD signals appearing in the UV region were bisignate, and the null of the CD signals were coincident with maxima in the UV spectrum, consistent with exciton coupling. TTDFT and semi-empirical calculations confirmed that the CD signals in the UV region arise from coupling of the π-π* transitions in the imine chromophores, and can be used to accurately describe the sign and magnitudes of the curves. The CD signals in the visible region arise from metal-to-ligand charge transfer bands, and these signals can be used to determine the ee values of chiral amines with an average absolute error of ±5%. Overall, the strategy presented herein represents a facile in situ assembly that uses commercially available simple reagents to create large optical signals indicative of ee values.

A protocol for the rapid determination of the absolute configuration and enantiomeric excess of α-chiral primary amines with potential applications in asymmetric reaction discovery has been developed. The protocol requires derivatization of α-chiral primary amines via condensation with pyridine carboxaldehyde to quantitatively yield the corresponding imine. The Cu(I) complex with 2,2'-bis (diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-dinaphthyl (BINAP -Cu I ) with the imine yields a metal-toligand-charge-transfer band (MLCT) in the visible region of the circular dichroism spectrum upon binding. Diastereomeric host-guest complexes give CD signals of the same signs, but different amplitudes, allowing for differentiation of enantiomers. Processing the primary optical data from the CD spectrum with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) allows for the determination of absolute configuration and identification of the amines, and processing with a supervised multi-layer perceptron artifical neural network (MLP-ANN) allows for the simultaneous determination of ee and concentration. The primary optical data necessary to determine the ee of unknown samples is obtained in 2 minutes per sample. To demonstrate the utility of the protocol in asymmetric reaction discovery, the ee's and concentrations for an asymmetric metal catalyzed reaction are determined. The potential of the protocol's application in high-throughput screening (HTS) of ee is discussed.

Methods for the rapid determination of enantiomeric excess (ee) in asymmetric synthetic methodology development are increasingly in demand as high-throughput experimentation protocols in academia and industry are adopted. Optical approaches have been reported, many of which rely on the use of chemical derivatization or molecular assemblies, resulting in UV/vis, fluorescence, or circular dichroism (CD) signals that report the ee values. While UV/vis and fluorescence approaches benefit from readily available 96-and 384-well plate readers, until recently, no CD plate readers existed. Herein, we report the utility of using the EKKO CD plate reader to analyze a chlorocoumarin amine derivatization methodology for the ee determination of a diverse set of chiral amines with an error margin within ±7%. Linear calibration curves of ee versus CD responses for each amine were obtained, the minimum detectable and quantifiable ee values were calculated, the technique was applied to an asymmetric hydrogenation, and various interferents expected to be present in crude samples are explored. The technique described herein is found to be suitable for high-throughput experimentation that requires a parallel and rapid ee determination step.

Page 13749. In Figure 5, the stereochemistry of the bound guest was incorrectly drawn. The correct structure should be the following: Figure 5. Newman projections for host 1 with each enantiomer of PBA bound. An Mpropeller gives (+) chirality for the orientation of the quinoline electronic dipole moments. On the bottom right column of the same page, the assignment of propeller twists was incorrectly made based on Figure 5. It should read "Thus, the (R)-enantiomer leads to a Ptype propeller while the (S)-enantiomer prefers an M type propeller (Figure 5).