No abstract
The lack of hygiene and sanitation practices and insufficient infrastructure in Cambodian informal markets may increase the risk of food contamination, specifically raw vegetables, which in turn may increase the chances of contracting a foodborne disease. The aims of this study were i) to quantify the prevalence of Salmonella enterica based upon seasonal differences (rainy and dry) between surface types (food contact surface [FCS] and non-food contact surface [NFCS]) and between location of vendors within the market (inside and outside), and ii) to characterize Salmonella enterica serotypes abundance in informal markets in Cambodia. A total of 310 samples were screened for Salmonella enterica prevalence following the U.S. Department of Agriculture guidelines and confirmed by PCR. Whole Genome Sequencing was performed and the serotype for each isolate was determined in-silico using SeqSero 1.0 on draft genomes. A total of 78 samples were confirmed positive for Salmonella enterica . During the dry season, Salmonella enterica was more prevalent on FCS compared to NFCS (estimated probability of detection [confidence interval]: 0.41 [0.25,0.59] and 0.17 [0.08, 0.32], respectively; P=0.002), though no differences were apparent during the rainy season. Further, there was no evidence of any differences in Salmonella enterica prevalence based on location within the market (P=0.61). Sixteen Salmonella enterica serotypes were detected across multiple surfaces. The most common serotypes were Rissen (n=18), Hvittingfoss (n=11), Corvallis (n=10), Krefeld (n=8), Weltevreden (n=6), and Altona (n=6). The availability of accurate data on the prevalence of Salmonella enterica in informal markets is crucial for the development of effective surveillance and implementation of suitable intervention strategies at the domestic level, thus preventing future foodborne illness.
A 2008 multistate foodborne outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul caused more than 1,400 illnesses in the United States (U.S.). Although initial investigations suggested tomatoes as the potential vehicle, jalapeño and serrano peppers were subsequently found positive for the outbreak strain.The uncertainty associated with this incident caused government, industry, and the public to question the efficacy of the U.S. food safety system. Examination of the response to this incident exposed breakdowns in several areas. Communication at all levels was lacking, leading to an absence of coordinated actions and conflicting risk communication messages. Variations in resources between local and state health departments created delays in gathering accurate information for epidemiological investigations. Although new laws required increased documentation, rapid and thorough traceback of produce products remained elusive. Three factors contributed to the difficulty in the Salmonella Saintpaul outbreak, including (1) delayed response due to discrepancies in available resources and expertise at state and local levels, (2) inadequate communication between stakeholders and agencies, and (3) poor traceability capabilities. Future responses to foodborne illness outbreaks may be improved by addressing these three factors.
The enormous, complex, and relatively open nature of the US animal agriculture and food system, combined with its economic importance, makes it a potential target for a terrorist attack. Furthermore, vulnerability to catastrophic losses due to disease outbreaks, regardless of whether accidental or intentionally introduced, is accentuated by the ever‐increasing concentration of modern animal production operations and the tremendous mobility of food‐animal populations. In the event of an animal agriculture emergency involving widespread livestock deaths, the disposal of large numbers of carcasses can present daunting challenges. This article presents an overview of key attributes of several carcass disposal options, including burial, landfill, incineration, rendering, composting, and alkaline hydrolysis. The most appropriate disposal option—or options—in the event of an emergency will be determined by a host of factors, including the nature of the incident, the animal species affected, the type of disease (if disease related), the number of carcasses involved, the availability and capacity of disposal options, and other considerations unique to individual locations. Planning for carcass disposal well in advance of an emergency will help responders minimize the impact of an incident and maximize protection of public health and the environment.
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