We present final Spitzer trigonometric parallaxes for 361 L, T, and Y dwarfs. We combine these with prior studies to build a list of 525 known L, T, and Y dwarfs within 20 pc of the Sun, 38 of which are presented here for the first time. Using published photometry and spectroscopy as well as our own follow-up, we present an array of colormagnitude and color-color diagrams to further characterize census members, and we provide polynomial fits to the bulk trends. Using these characterizations, we assign each object a T eff value and judge sample completeness over bins of T eff and spectral type. Except for types T8 and T eff < 600 K, our census is statistically complete to the 20 pc limit. We compare our measured space densities to simulated density distributions and find that the best fit is a power law ( µ a -dN dM M ) with α = 0.6 ± 0.1. We find that the evolutionary models of Saumon & Marley correctly predict the observed magnitude of the space density spike seen at 1200 K < T eff < 1350 K, believed to be caused by an increase in the cooling timescale across the L/T transition. Defining the low-mass terminus using this sample requires a more statistically robust and complete sample of dwarfs Y0.5 and with T eff < 400 K. We

US combined with EMG guidance eliminated recurrent dysphagia after botulinum toxin treatment, possibly by keeping the injectate within the SCM.

To examine the role that intrinsic functional networks, specifically the default mode network, have on metacognitive accuracy for individuals with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Method: A sample of 44 individuals (TBI, n ϭ 21; healthy controls [HCs], n ϭ 23) were included in the study. All participants underwent an MRI scan and completed neuropsychological testing. Metacognitive accuracy was defined as participants' ability to correctly judge their item-by-item performance on an abstract reasoning task. Metacognitive values were calculated using the signal detection theory approach of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Large-scale subnetworks were created using Power's 264 Functional Atlas. The graph theory metric of network strength was calculated for six subsystem networks to measure functional connectivity. Results: There were significant interactions between head injury status (TBI or HC) and internetwork connectivity between the anterior default mode network (DMN) and salience network on metacognitive accuracy (R 2 ϭ 0.13, p ϭ .047) and between the posterior DMN and salience network on metacognitive accuracy (R 2 ϭ 0.15, p ϭ .038). There was an interpretable interaction between head injury status and internetwork connectivity between the attention network and salience network on metacognitive accuracy (R 2 ϭ 0.13, p ϭ .067). In all interactions, higher connectivity predicted better metacognitive accuracy in the TBI group, but this relationship was reversed for the HC group. Conclusion: Enhanced connectivity to both anterior and posterior regions within the DMN facilitates metacognitive accuracy postinjury. These findings are integrated into a larger literature examining network plasticity in TBI.

Sport-related concussion typically resolves within a few weeks of the injury; however, persistent symptoms have been reported to occur in 10% to 15% of concussions. These ongoing symptoms can cause significant disability and be frustrating for the patient and family. In addition, factors other than brain injury can cause complications for these patients, such as adjustment disorder or exacerbation of preexisting conditions such as depression or migraine. Individuals with prolonged symptoms of concussion may be classified as having post-concussion syndrome. A careful and thoughtful evaluation is important, as the clinician must determine whether these prolonged symptoms reflect brain injury pathophysiology versus another process. Although there have been numerous studies on the acute management of concussion, much less is available on the treatment of persistent disease. This review will provide an evaluation approach for the patient with prolonged concussion symptoms and review recent literature on treatment strategies.

Fecundity seems to stop declining and plateaus at low levels very late in Drosophila melanogaster populations. Here we test whether this apparent cessation of reproductive aging by a population, herein referred to as fecundity plateaus, is robust under various environmental influences: namely, male age and nutrition. The effect of male age on late age fecundity patterns was tested by supplying older females with young males before average population fecundity declined to plateau levels. The second possible environmental influence we tested was nutrition and whether late-life fecundity plateaus arise from a decline in the calories available for reproduction. This hypothesis was tested by comparing average daily female fecundity with both low- and high-lifetime nutrition. Both hypotheses were tested by measuring mid- and late-life fecundity for each cohort under the various environmental influences, and statistically testing whether fecundity stops declining and plateaus at late ages. These experiments demonstrate that mid- and late-life population fecundity patterns are significantly affected by the age of males and nutrition level. However, male age and nutrition level did not affect the existence of late-life fecundity plateaus, which demonstrates the robustness of our earlier findings. These results do not address any issue pertaining to the possible role, if any, of lifelong inter-individual heterogeneity in Drosophila fecundity.