Age younger than 5 years and adenoidectomy without tonsillectomy were identified as important risk factors for repeated adenoidectomy in children. Parents should be made aware of the increased risk of adenoid regrowth if surgery is performed at a young age. Children undergoing adenoidectomy alone should be followed up carefully to monitor for symptom recurrence.

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intestine preventing LPS-mediated endotoxemia. In this study, we sought to determine if gestational diabetes is associated with changes in these maternal and neonatal serum markers. STUDY DESIGN: Paired maternal and neonatal (cord blood) serum samples (n¼151) were obtained from our biobank repository. Gestational diabetes was diagnosed using Carpenter-Coustan glucose tolerance test cutoffs. Serum levels of LPS, EndoCAb-IgM, and GLP-2 were measured by ELISA. IL-6 and TNF-alpha were measured using a commercially available Milliplex assay. Results were stratified by diabetes diagnosis (non-diabetic n¼112, GDMA1 n¼11 and GDMA2 n¼28). RESULTS: Compared with non-diabetic gravidae, women with GDMA1 had lower serum levels of endoCAb-IgM (97.25 vs. 81.68 MMU/mL, p< 0.05) and neonates of women with GMDA1 had lower cord blood serum levels of GLP-2 (7.73 vs. 0.74 ng/mL, p< 0.05). Compared with non-diabetic gravidae, women with GDMA2 had lower levels of IL-6 (69.27 vs. 32.70 pg/mL, p< 0.05) and higher serum levels of TNF-alpha (6.15 vs. 7.97 pg/mL, p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: Lower endoCAb-IgM is associated with metabolic endotoxemia and may be exacerbated by gestational diabetes. We have previously shown that higher levels of GLP-2 may be protective of endotoxemia with excess gestational weight gain. Given the decrease in this peptide which is important for gut integrity in the neonate, it is possible that exposure to maternal diabetes could be associated with an increased susceptibility to endotoxemia.

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