IntroductionThe aim of the study was to determine microbiota in the cloacal samples of European herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and to compare a variety of genes encoding antimicrobial resistance in cultivable and non-cultivable bacteria.Material and MethodsCloacal samples from European herring gulls were collected from a Kaunas city dump. Cultivable microbiota were isolated, their microbial susceptibility was tested, and genes encoding antimicrobial resistance were detected. Additionally, a metagenomic study was performed using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS).ResultsIn total, 697 different operational taxonomic units at genus level were detected; however, only 63 taxonomic units were detected at the amount of ≥0.1% of the total number of DNA copies. Catellicoccus marimammalium was found to have the highest prevalence. The bacterial amount of other genera was up to 5% with the most highly prevalent being Psychrobacter (4.7%), Helicobacter(4.5%), unclassified Enterococcaceae (3.2%), Pseudomonas (2.9%), and Brachyspira (2.6%).ConclusionsC. marimammalium are predominant microbiota in the cloacal samples of Larus argentatus. This species of gulls is a reservoir of bacteria carrying a wide-spectrum of genes encoding antimicrobial resistance. The same genes were detected in both cultivable microbiota and in the total DNA of the samples.
Salmonella enterica is one of the best adapted bacterial pathogens causing infections in a wide variety of vertebrate species. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella in different reptile species and to evaluate their serological variety and patterns of antimicrobial resistance. In total, 97 samples from 25 wild and domesticated reptile species were investigated in Lithuania. Serological variety, as well as phenotypical and genotypical resistance to antimicrobials, were investigated. Fifty isolates of Salmonella were obtained from the ninety-seven tested samples (51.5%; 95% CI 41.2–61.2). A significantly higher prevalence of Salmonella was detected in domesticated individuals (61.3%; 95% CI 50.0–71.5) compared with wild ones (18.2%; 95% CI 7.3–38.5). All isolates belonged to a single species, Salmonella enterica. Results demonstrated that reptiles carry a large variety of Salmonella serovars. Thirty-four isolates (68%) of Salmonella were resistant to at least one antimicrobial drug. The most frequent resistance of the isolates was to streptomycin (26%), cefoxitin, gentamicin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol (16%). Genes encoding resistance to tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, sulphonamides and trimethoprim were detected. No integrons that are associated with horizontal gene transfer were found. Data obtained provided knowledge about the adaptation of Salmonella in reptiles. Healthy individuals, irrespective of their origin, often carry Salmonella, including multi-resistant strains. Due to its large serological diversity, zoonotic potential and antimicrobial resistance, Salmonella in reptiles poses a risk to other animals and humans.
The aim of this study was to determine the biochemical blood indicators in Lithuanian Black-and-White cattle with regard to the intensity of their infection with Sarcocystis spp. In total 945 bull muscle samples and 120 blood samples were used for the analysis. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were increased in infected animals relative to uninfected animals. The AST levels differed significantly between the no infection, low, and moderate infection groups (P < 0.05); ALP differed between the no infection and moderate infection groups (P < 0.05); and ALT differed between the no infection, low infection and intense infection groups (P < 0.05). Total protein levels were higher than physiological limits and differed significantly between the no infection, low infection and intense infection groups (P < 0.05). Iron levels were at the lowest physiological limits and differed significantly between the no infection and low infection groups, as well as between the low infection and intense infection groups (P < 0.05). Triglyceride levels were at their physiological limits, and differed significantly between all examined groups (P < 0.05). The results show that changes in the biochemical markers ALP, AST and ALT are related to the intensity of the Sarcocystis spp. infection.
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, multienzyme composition supplementation on milk yield, quality, blood biochemical parameters of Lithuanian-Black-and-White cows. For this reason 28 cows were divided into four groups (three experimental and one control) each with seven cows fed balanced ration (control group) and following experimental groups: addition of 40g supplement of live yeast with organic selenium (group A); 40g supplement of live yeast with aromatic additives (group B); and 0.2g supplement of multienzyme composition (group C) during a 90 days period. The study showed that milk yield was 2.64%, 1.75%, 1.4% higher in groups A, B, C respectively, comparing with the control group. The milk SCC in experimental groups were lower comparing to the control group. The percentage of milk fat was significantly higher in group A -0.33%, B -0.31% and C -0.16% comparing with the control group. All used additives ensure positive dynamics of investigated biochemical parameters in cattle blood. The results indicated that probiotic additives and multienzyme composition supplementation to dairy cows increased cows productivity and milk fat as well. Probiotic additives supplementation decreased SCC values in milk. Palavras-chave: vaca leiteira, probiótico, fermento, produção de leite, sangue
Ensilage provides an effective means of conserving green forage to supply as feed to ruminants. The fermentation process presented in the ensilage process depend on lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Silage quality is variable and the only way to effectively control the fermentation process, to improve the ensiling process and the quality of the resulting silage is to use an additive, mostly biological inoculants with LAB. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fermentation and microbial dynamics of perennial grasses silage with biological inoculant. Alfalfa and Poaceae mixed grasses were ensiled. Into grass silage was added biological additive, consisted of mixture of homofermentative and heterofermentative LAB and enzymes. Inoculant included strains Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Propionibacterium acidipropionici, α-amylase, β-glucanase, cellulase and hemicellulase. The fermentative quality, chemical composition parameters and microbiological counts of silages at 7, 14, 21 and 60 days after ensilage were evaluated. Fermentation dynamics were examined using chemical analysis. The study showed higher values of dry matter, crude fat and NDF after supplementation of biological additive in all analyzed samples. Conversely, there was a reduction of the pH and water soluble carbohydrates concentration. Ensiling caused an increase of acetic acid concentrations as well (p0.001). There were found significant differences (p0.05) in contents of NEL between 21 and 60 days of ensiling after treatment and between the control group of fresh grass and 7 and 21 days after treatment as well. At the 7 day of fermentation process there was a significant increase in Lactobacillus spp. abundance (p0.001) and on 60 day there was a decrease in Clostridium spp. abundance (p0.001).
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