. The studies were identified by two independent researchers following predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The methodological quality was determined using the McMaster University critical review forms for qualitative or quantitative research and was numerically rated according to the criteria developed by Imms. RESULTSThe initial electronic search yielded 10 161 articles, of which six were qualitative and 12 were quantitative studies. These studies showed that a diverse range of positive and negative factors were associated with participation in physical activity, such as self-efficacy, physical fitness, increasing age, and the availability of equipment and local facilities.INTERPRETATION Future intervention studies could use these results, within the context of an individual child and his or her environment, as the basis for increasing physical activity levels, starting in early childhood and continuing throughout adolescence and into adulthood. An increased awareness of and focus on providing appropriate equipment and adapted sports in the child's own environment by policy makers might increase physical activity levels.A recent Lancet series 1 reported on the importance of being physically active in reducing the development and mortality of non-communicable diseases such as cancer, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.2 For children in particular, the benefits of physical activity have been consistently documented and it is recognized that encouraging a physically active lifestyle from an early age is important. 3Physical activity can increase the physical, emotional, and social well-being of children with physical disabilities, as well as increasing their functional independence, integration, and quality of life and positively impacting their future health.4-6 Therefore, it is alarming to see a decline in the physical activity of young people. 7 Children with physical disabilities are even less physically active than their peers with typical development.8-11 A systematic review recently showed that young people with cerebral palsy (CP) participated in habitual physical activity at a rate that was 13% to 53% lower than in those with typical development and 30% lower than the recommended guidelines.12 A group of 85 Dutch children with several physical disabilities had significantly lower physical activity, with a prevalence of overweight and obesity three and six times higher respectively, than children with typical development. 13 Moreover, a large group of children with disabilities participating in a Fitkids exercise therapy programme showed both reduced aerobic fitness and a high prevalence of overweight and obesity before the programme. 14 Another systematic review identified a range of personal, social, environmental, and policy-and programme-related factors that influence physical activity in children and adolescents with disabilities. 15 The available literature includes several types of disabilities, including both intellectual and behavioural disabilities, which makes it difficult ...

Aim To summarize the best evidence of interventions for increasing physical activity in children with physical disabilities. Method A systematic review was conducted using an electronic search executed in Academic Search Elite, Academic Search Premier, CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PEDro, PsychINFO, and SPORTDiscus up to February 2016. The selection of articles was performed independently by two researchers according to predetermined eligibility criteria. Data extraction, methodological quality, and levels of evidence were independently assessed by two researchers using a data‐collection form from the Cochrane Collaboration and according to the guidelines of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine. Results Seven studies were included. Five randomized controlled trials ranged from strong level I to weak level II studies, and two pre–post design studies were classified as level IV. There is level I evidence for no effect of physical training on objectively measured physical activity, conflicting level II evidence for interventions with a behavioural component on the increase of objectively measured physical activity directly after the intervention, and level II evidence for no effect during follow‐up. Results are limited to children with cerebral palsy as no other diagnoses were included. Interpretation Increasing physical activity in children with physical disabilities is very complex and demands further development and research.

Dropout from interdisciplinary pain management programmes is reported to be high. This may result in poor treatment outcomes. Therefore, paying attention to the prevention of dropout is important. This systematic review presents an overview of predictors of dropout (mainly patient characteristics) and makes suggestions for future research on this topic. Objective: Systematic review to identify predictors for dropout during interdisciplinary pain management programmes.

There is limited to moderate evidence for the cross-sectional relationship between illness perceptions and various musculoskeletal conditions. The prognostic value, however, remains unclear. Future research is recommended to investigate the longitudinal relationship between illness perception domains and outcomes in greater detail. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018;48(10):789-800. Epub 10 May 2018. doi:10.2519/jospt.2018.8072.

In the majority of studies (70%) the described clinical reasoning process was incomplete. A very small proportion (6%) had a 'diagnosed cause'. Therefore, a better methodological quality does not necessarily imply a better described clinical reasoning process.