Twenty years ago, in 2000, the term “forest landscape restoration” (FLR) was first defined by a group that included among others, all of the authors on this paper. Today, FLR is widely accepted and promoted among diverse groups, at all levels, from the political to the scientific. To mark FLR's 20th anniversary, we look back at major progress and challenges faced to implement this concept since its definition. We explore specifically five questions: (1) What are the top achievements and milestones related to FLR in the last 20 years? (2) What are key FLR products? (3) What are major FLR projects worth showcasing? (4) What have been significant obstacles to FLR in the last 20 years? (5) What are priorities taking FLR forward? Our intention with this article is to contribute contextual material for the launch of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration as well as to the many other ongoing FLR initiatives around the globe.

Background: Species of the genera Eucalyptus, Cupressus, and Pinus are the most widely planted tree species in the country in general and in Chilimo dry Afromontane forest in particular. Eucalyptus covers 90% of the total planted forest area in the country. However, only limited information exists in the country regarding aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), growth, and yield. This study was conducted to assess the variables on 25 and 30 years of age for three planted species: Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus saligna, and Pinus patula in Chilimo plantation forest, in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. A two-times inventory was conducted in 2012 and 2017. A total of nine square sampled plots of 400 m 2 each, three plots under Cupressus lusitanica, 3 Eucalyptus saligna, and 3 Pinus patula were used for data collection. Data on height, diameter, soil, and tree stumps were collected. Percent C, % N, and bulk density was performed following chemical procedure. Results: The aboveground biomass ranged from 125.76 to 228.67 t C ha −1 and the basal area and number of stems from 3.76 to 25.50 m 2 ha −1 and 483 to 1175 N ha −1 , respectively. The mean annual basal area and volume increment were between 0.97 and 1.20 m 2 ha −1 year −1 and 10.79 and 16.22 m 3 ha −1 year − 1. Both carbon and nitrogen stock of the planted forest was non-significant among the tree species.Conclusion: The aboveground biomass, growth, and yield significantly varied among the species. Cupressus lusitanica had the highest aboveground biomass, volume, and basal area, while Eucalyptus saligna had the lowest value .To a depth of 1 m, total carbon stored ranged from 130.13 to 234.26 t C ha −1 . The total annual carbon sequestration potential was 12,575.18 t CO 2 eq. Eucalyptus has the highest carbon stock density and growth rate than other species.

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In complex tropical forest frontier landscapes, ecosystem service (ES) models are essential tools to test impacts of different land schemes on people. Considering several factors of supply, demand and flow and focusing on local stakeholders, we developed nine ES models using Bayesian networks and applied them in different land scenarios in Myanmar's Tanintharyi Region. We found land use and tenure as well as demand for specific products to be the key factors determining final ES outcomes. While forested lands have high regulating and overall balanced ES bundles, mixed agricultural lands provide subsistence and commercial products as well as better environmental education opportunities. By contrast, commercial agricultural concessions strongly limit ES outcomes for local communities. As our models reveal more distinct impacts of land policy scenarios in a homogeneous setting, where demand is better accounted for, we recommend their use for spatially explicit analyses of forest frontier landscapes.

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