The rapid progress and plummeting costs of human-genome sequencing enable the availability of large amount of personal biomedical information, leading to one of the most important concerns -genomic data privacy.Since personal biomedical data are highly correlated with relatives, with the increasing availability of genomes and personal traits online (i.e., leakage unwittingly, or after their releasing intentionally to genetic service platforms), kin-genomic data privacy is threatened. We propose new inference attacks to predict unknown Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and human traits of individuals in a familial genomic dataset based on probabilistic graphical models and belief propagation. With this method, the adversary can predict the unobserved genomes or traits of targeted individuals in a family genomic dataset where some individuals' genomes and traits are observed, relying on SNP-trait association from Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS), Mendel's Laws, and statistical relations between SNPs. Existing genome inferences have relatively high computational complexity with the input of tens of millions of SNPs and human traits. Then, we propose an approach to publish genomic data with differential privacy guarantee. After finding an approximate distribution of the input genomic dataset relying on Bayesian networks, a noisy distribution is obtained after injecting noise into the approximate distribution. Finally, synthetic genomic dataset is sampled and it is proved that any query on synthetic dataset satisfies differential privacy guarantee.

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Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 (Lp N1115) was isolated from fermented milk products. The administration of Lp N1115 is safe and well tolerated in Chinese children, but its effectiveness among young Chinese children is still unclear. To investigate the efficacy of Lp N1115 as a probiotic to enhance gut development in Chinese infants and toddlers born by cesarean section, 109 healthy and cesarean-delivered infants aged 6–24 months were recruited for a 12-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial, with 101 finally completing the study. Saliva and stool samples were collected and detected at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the intervention. Statistical analyses were performed by using a per-protocol (PP) approach. After 12 weeks of intervention, the fecal pH in the control group increased (p = 0.003), while the fecal pH in the experimental group did not change. Salivary cortisol decreased from baseline in the experimental group (p = 0.023), while the control group showed little change. In addition, Lp N1115 increased the fecal sIgA content of infants aged 6–12 months (p = 0.044) but had no obvious effect on fecal calprotectin and saliva sIgA. At week 4, the increase in Lactobacillus relative to baseline was higher in the experimental group than in the control group (p = 0.019). Further analysis showed a trend toward a higher detection rate of Lactobacillus in the experimental group than in the control group (p = 0.039). In conclusion, Lp N1115 was able to enhance the content of Lactobacillus and maintain fecal pH levels. Its beneficial effects on gut development were more obvious in 6–12-month-old infants.