Waterproofing agents consist of mixtures of solvents, repellents and propellants. Because of a fatality and a number of acute respiratory illnesses in humans following the exposure to a waterproofing agent, the aerosol mixtures were tested in mice. Inhalation of the waterproofing agent resulted in pulmonary collapse and pneumonia in mice. By testing fractions of the waterproofing agent it was determined that the fluororesin repellents in the waterproofing agent were responsible for the acute respiratory illness. The water-repelling agent, such as fluororesin, may counteract the surfactant in the alveoli of the lung and cause diffuse pulmonary collapse followed by acute respiratory distress. The recent substitution of less toxic and environmentally more friendly solvents in waterproofing agents may facilitate fluororesin inhalation by increasing the amount of airborne aerosol and changing the diameter of the aerosol particles. This would explain the apparent recent increase of respiratory symptoms following the use of these agents. In this experiment the mice were exposed intermittently to overcome the CNS effects of the solvents.
We describe a new modality for administering aminoglycosides to hemodialysis (HD) patients, namely, a modification of the once-daily regimen which consists of administering the aminoglycosides over 60 min by drip infusion just before each HD session, with a preplanned peak concentration being reached at the beginning of the session and then with a rapidly decreasing concentration being achieved by the start of HD. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), i.e., the accumulation of the drug in the body, is thus minimized by this modality. Arbekacin (ABK) was given at a dose of 2 mg/kg of body weight to 10 HD patients infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) for 2 weeks (six sessions in total), resulting in the complete disappearance of MRSA in 5 patients. A high rate of elimination of ABK was attained for each patient while the patient was on HD (range, 0.20 to 0.42 h-1; mean 0.28 +/- 0.08 h-1) by using high-performance dialyzers provided with membranes made of either polymethylmethacrylate, cellulose triacetate (CTA), or ethylene vinyl alcohol. The best results were obtained with the CTA membrane, as revealed by the overall mass transfer coefficient (Ko). The AUC in the simulation model for the variation in the serum ABK concentration in this modality was calculated to be 40% of that of the conventional post-HD dosing modality, suggesting that a much higher dose could be administered to HD patients who receive HD thrice weekly (4 h per session), giving, e.g., 4 mg/kg initially and before the HD sessions, when there is an interval of 68 h from HD session to HD session, and giving 2 mg/kg before the other sessions.
BASTA is a herbicide containing glufosinate ammonium 18.5% and a surface-active agent. There were six fatalities in 34 cases of glufosinate ammonium poisoning reported by the Japan Poison Information Center. To evaluate efficacy in the removal of glufosinate ammonium from the blood, two bottles were prepared containing 600 mL of heparinized bovine blood with 1 mL or 3 mL of BASTA. Direct hemoperfusion or hemodialysis was performed for two hours at a flow rate of 50 mL/min. The final glufosinate ammonium concentration of the blood bottle containing 1 mL of BASTA decreased to 96.9% of the initial concentration after direct hemoperfusion and to 0.5% after hemodialysis. The final glufosinate ammonium concentration of the bottle containing 3 mL of BASTA decreased to 62.2% after direct hemoperfusion and to 0.9% after hemodialysis. Hemodialysis is more effective than direct hemoperfusion for removal of glufosinate ammonium from blood.
The dog has been used as an experimental animal in emesis research. In this study, we analyzed the emetic effects of ipecac syrup using a smaller animal, the ferret, and compared its response to that of the dog. Dogs and ferrets were divided into 4 groups (n = 4, each). Each group was given either 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 ml/kg of ipecac syrup, and the latency and numbers of retching and vomiting were recorded. Animals given an equal volume of saline served as controls. The numbers of vomiting and retching increased dose-dependently in both dogs and ferrets, and there was no difference in latency and numbers of vomiting between them. The numbers of retching were greater in ferrets than in dogs at > or = 0.25 ml/kg. Taking these results into consideration, the ferret seems to be as useful as the dog in studies on emetic effects of ipecac syrup.
It is a common practice to try to prevent gastro-intestinal absorption of ingested poisons. Controversy continues about the relative effectiveness of charcoal, ipecacuarha and gastric lavage in salicylate overdose. Until the 1980' s there were only a few experimental or clinical human studies on the antidotal effect of high doses of activated charcoal. Recently, the effect of high single and repeated dose of charcoal on absorption and elimination of various drugs has been studied intensively. The role of multiple doses of charcoal therapy in acute intoxication has been clearly defined. (JJAAM 1997; 8: 273-87)
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.