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We propose a novel palm vein recognition scheme based on an adaptive 2D Gabor filter. Three key steps were studied in this scheme: region of interest (ROI) extraction, adaptive Gabor filtering, and template matching. First, in the palm vein image extraction step, the authors used the index finger on both sides of the valley to locate the square area, and then iteratively expanded the area of the square box to maximise the ROI. Second, in the feature extraction step, a novel parameter selection scheme was proposed for optimising the Gabor filter. Third, in the template matching step, the author presented a novel template matching algorithm referred to as the minimum normalised Hamming distance. Experimental results demonstrated that the scheme achieved good performance with an EER of 0.12%.

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Recent advances in wireless communication and solid-state circuits together with the enormous demands of sensing ability have given rise to a new enabling technology, integrated sensing and communications (ISAC). The ISAC captures two main advantages over dedicated sensing and communication functionalities: 1) Integration gain to efficiently utilize congested resources, and even, 2) Coordination gain to balance dual-functional performance or/and perform mutual assistance. Meanwhile, triggered by ISAC, we are also witnessing a paradigm shift in the ubiquitous IoT architecture, in which the sensing and communication layers are tending to converge into a new layer, namely, the signaling layer.In this paper, we first attempt to introduce a definition of ISAC, analyze the various influencing forces, and present several novel use cases. Then, we complement the understanding of the signaling layer by presenting several key benefits in the IoT era. We classify existing dominant ISAC solutions based on the layers in which integration is applied. Finally, several challenges and opportunities are discussed. We hope that this overview article will serve as a primary starting point for new researchers and offer a bird's-eye view of the existing ISAC-related advances from academia and industry, ranging from solid-state circuitry, signal processing, and wireless communication to mobile computing.