None of four chemotherapy regimens offered a significant advantage over the others in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

Lenvatinib, as compared with placebo, was associated with significant improvements in progression-free survival and the response rate among patients with iodine-131-refractory thyroid cancer. Patients who received lenvatinib had more adverse effects. (Funded by Eisai; SELECT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01321554.).

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BACKGROUND Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Study E1594 compared paclitaxel and cisplatin with three newer chemotherapy doublets in the treatment of patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The accrual of patients with an ECOG performance status (PS) of 2 was discontinued due to a perceived rate of unacceptable toxicity. METHODS Patients were stratified by PS and randomized to one of the following treatments: 1) paclitaxel (135 mg/m2) over 24 hours with cisplatin (75 mg/m2) on a 21‐day cycle; 2) cisplatin (100 mg/m2) with gemcitabine (1 g/m2) on Days 1, 8, and 15 on a 28‐day cycle; 3) cisplatin (75 mg/m2) with docetaxel (75 mg/m2) on a 21‐day cycle; and 4) paclitaxel (225 mg/m2) over 3 hours with carboplatin (area under the curve, 6). All tests of statistical significance were two‐sided. RESULTS Sixty‐eight patients with an ECOG PS of 2 were enrolled, and 64 patients were evaluable for toxicity and response. Fifty‐six percent of 64 evaluable patients were male, and 81% had Stage IV disease. Grade 3–4 hematologic toxicities occurred in > 50% of the patients in each treatment group. Nonhematologic Grade 3–4 toxicities occurred significantly less often in the paclitaxel and carboplatin arm (P = 0.0032). The overall rate of toxicity did not differ significantly from the rate of toxicity in the PS‐0 or PS‐1 cohorts. There were 5 deaths (7.35%) among 68 patients with a PS of 2 during therapy; however, only 2 of those deaths were attributed to therapy. The overall response rate for the 64 evaluable patients was 14%. The overall median survival of all 68 patients with a PS of 2, as determined by an intent‐to‐treat analysis, was 4.1 months. CONCLUSIONS Patients with advanced NSCLC and a PS of 2 experienced a large number of adverse reactions and overall poor survival. A comparison with patients with a PS of 0–1 suggests that these events and the shorter survival were related to disease process rather than treatment. Alternative strategies need to be explored with therapy specifically tailored for this group of patients. Cancer 2001;92:2639–47. © 2001 American Cancer Society.

Abstract-In this paper, a distributive non-cooperative game is proposed to perform sub-channel assignment, adaptive modulation, and power control for multi-cell multi-user Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (OFDMA) networks. Each individual user's goal is to minimize his/her own transmitted power in a distributed manner under the constraints that the desirable rate is achieved and the transmitted power is bounded. The pure non-cooperative game may result in non-convergence or some undesirable Nash Equilibriums with low system and individual performances. To enhance the performances, a virtual referee is introduced to the networks and is in charge of monitoring and improving the outcome of non-cooperative competition for resources among the distributed users. If the game outcome is not desirable, either the required transmission rates should be reduced or some users should be prevented from using some radio resources such as sub-channels, so that the rest of users can share the limited resources more efficiently. Moreover, it can be shown that the introduction of the virtual referee does not increase the complexity of the networks. From the simulation results in a two-cell case, the proposed scheme reduces the transmitted power by 80% and 25% compared with the fixed channel assignment algorithm and the iterative water-filling algorithm in the literature, respectively. The achievable rate can be improved by 10%. In a multi-cell case, the proposed scheme can have up to 40% power reduction compared with the iterative water-filling algorithm when the co-channel interferences are severe.