Another study demonstrated anatomic features related to high complication rate of intracranial angioplasty and stenting, Background and Purpose-To investigate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting (PTAS) for symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis compared with standard medical treatment in a low-risk Chinese population. Methods-A prospective, randomized, controlled, single-center clinical trial was conducted comparing PTAS with medical treatment for symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis (≥70%). Patients were enrolled according to 1:1 enroll ratio (PTAS: medical). The PTAS group received stenting or balloon angioplasty, whereas the medical treatment group received standard medical treatment (aspirin 100 mg plus clopidogrel 75 mg/d), and all the patients were under strict control of the risk factors. The end point events were any kind of ipsilateral stroke or transient ischemic attack, or death from any origin during 1-year follow-up. Results-The enrollment was stopped after 70 patients were enrolled from August 2007 to December 2010, with a 30-day rate of end point events of 8.3% versus 5.9% (P=0.69) for PTAS and medical group, respectively, and 1-year rate of end point events of 19.4% versus 17.6% (P=0.85), respectively. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the 2 groups. The mean follow-up time, which was ongoing, was 9.9 ± 3.9 and 9.7 ± 4.4 months, respectively. Among the risk factors, hypertension was the independent related to the outcome (P=0.015). Conclusions-This study showed that endovascular treatment is as safe but not better than medical treatment for symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis in a low-risk Chinese population. History of hypertension increases the risk of recurrent ischemic events.

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Crowd psychology is a critical factor when considering information diffusion, which has been modeled as composed influence. The composed influence is represented as a hyperedge in a graph model. A hyperedge e = (H e , v) contains the head node set H e and tail node v. Then a social network is modeled as a hypergraph. e can only propagate this influence when all nodes in H e become active first. In this paper, the Composed Influence Maximization (CIM) also aims to select k initially-influenced seed users in such a social network. The objective is to maximize the expected number of eventually-influenced users. We present an approximating method for this objective function by formulating a series of submodular functions and these functions are convergent. Then, we develop a lower bound and an upper bound problems whose objective functions are submodular. We design a greedy strategy based on the lower bound maximization for solving CIM. We formulate a sandwich approximation framework, which preserves the theoretical analysis result. Finally, we evaluate our algorithm on real world data sets. The results show the effectiveness and the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.INDEX TERMS Composed influence, influence maximization, independent cascade, social networks.

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