Context A previous cross-sectional study showed an association of migraine with a higher prevalence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–measured ischemic lesions in the brain. Objective To determine whether women or men with migraine (with and without aura) have a higher incidence of brain lesions 9 years after initial MRI, whether migraine frequency was associated with progression of brain lesions, and whether progression of brain lesions was associated with cognitive decline. Design, Setting, and Participants In a follow-up of the 2000 Cerebral Abnormalities in Migraine, an Epidemiological Risk Analysis cohort, a prospective populationbased observational study of Dutch participants with migraine and an age- and sexmatched control group, 203 of the 295 baseline participants in the migraine group and 83 of 140 in the control group underwent MRI scan in 2009 to identify progression of MRI-measured brain lesions. Comparisons were adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, and educational level. The participants in the migraine group were a mean 57 years (range, 43–72 years), and 71% were women. Those in the control group were a mean 55 years (range, 44–71 years), and 69% were women. Main Outcome Measures Progression of MRI-measured cerebral deep white matter hyperintensities, infratentorial hyperintensities, and posterior circulation territory infarctlike lesions. Change in cognition was also measured. Results Of the 145 women in the migraine group, 112 (77%) vs 33 of 55 women (60%) in the control group had progression of deep white matter hyperintensities (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.1; 95%CI, 1.0–4.1; P=.04). There were no significant associations of migraine with progression of infratentorial hyperintensities: 21 participants (15%) in themigraine group and 1 of 57 participants (2%) in the control group showed progression (adjusted OR, 7.7; 95% CI, 1.0–59.5; P=.05) or new posterior circulation territory infarctlike lesions: 10 of 203 participants (5%) in the migraine group but none of 83 in the control group (P=.07). There was no association of number or frequency of migraine headaches with progression of lesions. There was no significant association of high vs nonhigh deep white matter hyperintensity load with change in cognitive scores ( 3.7 in the migraine group vs 1.4 in the control group; 95% CI, 4.4 to 0.2; adjusted P=.07). Conclusions In a community-based cohort followed up after 9 years, women with migraine had a higher incidence of deep white matter hyperintensities but did not have significantly higher progression of other MRI-measured brain changes. There was no association of migraine with progression of any MRI-measured brain lesions in men.

This article describes the fabrication of multiscale porous nanocrystalline TiO 2 monoliths through a one-step method that combines a sol-gel process and phase separation in template-free conditions. A large-dimension monolith with well-defined macropores and a mesostructured anatase-type TiO 2 gel skeleton is spontaneously obtained by controlling the solution pH during the hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions of titanium alkoxides. The size of the macropores is adjusted by the starting composition, and a crystallized anatase TiO 2 skeleton is formed without heat treatment. The use of titanium alkoxide strengthens the gel network by the formation of chemical bonding in the condensation reaction, which yields porous monoliths with higher mechanical strength than for the case of porous monoliths derived from colloidal TiO 2 using freeze drying to maintain the porous morphology. The average crystallite size of anatase TiO 2 nanocrystals was found to be about 3.6 nm for the dried gel and about 5.0 nm for the gel calcined at 300 °C. As a result of the growth of the anatase TiO 2 nanoparticles, the mesopores with a median size of 5.0 nm are obtained. The high surface area (∼150 m 2 /g) is maintained even after the heat treatment at 300 °C.

We have successfully prepared multiscale porous crystalline zirconia (ZrO2) monoliths by combining the alkoxy-derived sol–gel process accompanied by phase-separation and the solvothermal process. The gelation can be controlled by the addition of N-methylformamide to the starting solution, while the phase separation is induced by the incorporation of poly(ethylene oxide). Amorphous ZrO2 monolithic gels with well-defined bicontinuous macropores and microstructured skeletons are obtained when the transient structure of polymerization-induced phase separation is fixed by the gelation. The size of the macropores is controlled in the range of 300 nm to 2 µm by adjusting the amount of poly(ethylene oxide). The solvent exchange of the mother liquor in the as-gelled wet specimens with absolute ethanol, followed by the solvothermal treatment at temperatures above 210 °C, brings about the formation of mesopores and stabilizes tetragonal ZrO2 nanocrystals without disturbing the macroporous morphology. The resultant macro-mesoporous crystalline ZrO2 gels possess the surface area over 200 m2 g−1.

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