Autoimmune diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, autoimmune bowel disease) are a complex disease. Improper activation of the immune system or imbalance of immune cells can cause the immune system to transform into a proinflammatory state, leading to autoimmune pathological damage. Recent studies have shown that autoimmune diseases are closely related to CD4+ T helper cells (Th). The original CD4 T cells will differentiate into different T helper (Th) subgroups after activation. According to their cytokines, the types of Th cells are different to produce lineage-specific cytokines, which play a role in autoimmune homeostasis. When Th differentiation and its cytokines are not regulated, it will induce autoimmune inflammation. Autoimmune bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune disease of unknown cause. Current research shows that its pathogenesis is closely related to Th17 cells. This article reviews the role and plasticity of the upstream and downstream cytokines and signaling pathways of Th17 cells in the occurrence and development of autoimmune bowel disease and summarizes the new progress of IBD immunotherapy.

This study determined the effects of chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) on immune responses in the intestinal mucosal of mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Sixty, 28-day-old mice were divided into 4 groups and treated with streptomycin or sterile water for 2days followed by 1day without treatment. The control group was unchallenged whereas the mice in the other three groups were treated twice with 10(9)CFUmL(-1)S. typhimurium. For the next 3days, control mice continued to receive no treatment whereas the mice in the remaining three groups were orally administered with 20mgmL(-1) of specific IgY, 20mgmL(-1) of nonspecific IgY or PBS. S. typhimurium activated gut-associated lymphoid tissue, increasing the release of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the mucosa and increased the number of activated T-lymphocytes and cytotoxic T-γδ. Specific IgY attenuated the increase in IFN-γ and TNF-α and the decrease in IL-10. S. typhimurium induced mobilization of CD8(+) and CD8(+) TCRγδ T cells in the epithelium and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the lamina propria reflecting an inflammatory process that was attenuated by IgY. These results suggest that specific IgY modulates intestinal mucosal immune responses during a S. typhimurium infection.

Background the multidisciplinary diagnosis based on clinic–radiologic–pathologic information had been widely used as the diagnostic gold standard for idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs). Surgical lung biopsy (SLB) had been recommended as the standard method to sample lung parenchymal lesions for suspected IIPs. Here, we attempted to show the diagnostic confidence of multidisciplinary classifications based on transbronchial pathology including transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy (EBUS-TBNA) in IIPs. Methods all new suspected interstitial lung diseases (ILD) were in-patient at the respiratory department of Dalian Municipal Central Hospital from June 2016 to December 2018. The multidisciplinary discussion (MDD) were made to exclude known causes of ILD and typical IPF depending on clinical, radiological information. The cases of atypical IPF, and possible IIPs were included and suggested to transbronchial pathological evaluation. Initial MDD classifications were made depending on clinical, radiological and transbronchial pathological information. The final MDD classifications was confirmed by following therapeutic effect. Results 70 subjects were eligible including 24 males and 46 females. The sampled lung parenchyma from TBLC were enough for confirmation of pathological diagnosis in 68.6% (48/70) cases. If the confirmed pathological evaluations through EBUS-TBNA and BALF were involved, 77.1% (54/70) cases had gotten the defined diagnosis. All cases were following up. Meanwhile, 60% was improved, 11.43% was relapsed when glucocorticoid was reduced to small dose or withdrawal, 14.29% was steady and 8.57% was progressed in which the diagnosis were modified in 4 cases. 94.3% initial MDD classifications based on transbronchial pathology were agreed with the final MDD, the difference of diagnostic yield wasn’t significant between initial and final MDD (Z=-1.414, p=0.157). Conclusion classifications of IIPs based on transbronchial pathology were useful and quite agreed with final MDD.