A laser manipulation system for trapping and controlling the positions of microscopic transparent particles by using liquid crystal (LC) devices is developed. The LC device has functions of variable-focusing and beam-steering by controlling the applied voltages to the LC device without mechanical movements. The trapped particles suspended in deionized water can easily be shifted along the position of the focused laser spot. The microscopic rod-like particles can also be shifted and rotated in the clockwise or anticlockwise along the direction of the major axis of the elliptically distributed beam intensity. In addition, the multiple microscopic particles at the bright region of the linear interference fringe patterns of the LC device with comb-shaped electrodes can be trapped and shifted along the fringe patterns.
In order to obtain the data for designing and optimizing air conditioning systems using a CO2 refrigerant, the cooling heat transfer characteristics of CO2-lubricant mixtures were experimentally examined. The experiments were carried out under the CO2 mass fluxes of 100 - 500 kg/(m2s) and oil concentrations of 0 - 13 % at the pressure of 9.5MPa. The obtained data revealed that heat transfer coefficients of the mixtures were approximately 0.3 - 0.85 times as much as those of only CO2. In order to clarify the effects of the lubricant, flow visualization experiments were carried out and the obtained information revealed that there appeared two types of flow patterns, stratified flow and annular flow. Furthermore, it was also found that in the lubricant concentration range of 3-5 %, the heat transfer coefficients decreased about 25 % in separated flows, and about 70% in annular flows. For estimating flow pattern, already published well-known flow pattern maps were examined whether those maps were consistent with the measured flow pattern data and it was found that no map was available. A new flow pattern map was proposed for CO2-lubricant mixtures.
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