Polysilane/C 60-based solar cells were fabricated and investigated. Two-types of devices with bulk heterojunction and heterojunction structures were examined and characterized. Addition of silicon-based polymer to the organic solar cells improved the conversion efficiency by wide optical absorption and high carrier mobility. Microstructures of the solar cells were investigated by using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Energy levels in the present solar cells were discussed.
The world trading system has been remarkably successful in many respects but is now under great strain. The causes are deep-seated and require a strategic response. The future of the system depends critically on reinvigorating the WTO and policy change in the largest trading nations. Important measures are required to sustain the multilateral trading system, and urgent action is needed to avoid a scenario where the system fragments. The worst scenarios will disrupt global trade and see a world which splinters into large trading blocs (most likely centered on China, the European Union and the United States) and where trade relations are based to a large extent on relative power instead of rules. In such a world the smallest players especially those whose trade is least covered by bilateral or regional agreementswill be at the greatest disadvantage. All countries will incur enormous costs only to try and reinvent a system that is already in place today under the WTO.The world economy has never been as closely integrated as it is today. International trade in goods and services as a share of world GDP has increased from around 35 per cent in the mid-1980s to around 60 per cent today, despite a hiatus during the global financial crisis. Trade and investment patterns are changing faster than rules and policies are adapting. The response in multilateral system has been insufficient, and gaps are partly being filled by regional and bilateral initiatives.Despite its evident successes, the world trading system is now confronted by an unprecedented crisis. How this crisis is resolved depends on whether the WTO can be revitalized
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.