The development and installation of renewable energy comes with environmental cost, including the death of wildlife. These costs occur locally, and seem small compared to the global loss of biodiversity. However, failure to acknowledge uncertainties around these costs affects local conservation, and may lead to the loss of populations or species. Working with these uncertainties can result in adaptive management plans designed to benefit renewable energy development and conservation. An example is the U.S. government's policy for managing bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden (Aquila chrysaetos) eagle deaths at terrestrial wind facilities. Using records from 422 U.S. wind facilities we improved the precision of estimates of exposure (8.79 eagle minutes hr À1 km À3, SD: 13.64) and collision probability (0.0058 birds per minute of exposure, SD: 0.0038) currently used in U.S. policy.The new estimates for bald (exposure: 3.19 eagle minutes hr À1 km À3 , SD: 2.583; collision probability: 0.007025 eagles per minute of exposure, SD: 0.004379) and golden (exposure: 1.21 eagle minutes hr À1 km À3 , SD: 0.352; collision probability: 0.005648 birds per minute of exposure, SD: 0.004413) eagles had a smaller mean and standard deviation. Thus, their implementation within the government's adaptive management framework could help refine the balance between energy consumption and conservation. K E Y W O R D Sadaptive management, bald eagle, Bayesian analysis, golden eagle, renewable energy, risk, wind-wildlife interactions | INTRODUCTIONEnergy consumption has increased due to the proliferation of technology, smaller household size and urban sprawl (Liu, Daily, Ehrlich, & Luck, 2013). Nonrenewable energy sources can meet demand, but their finite nature and concern over a changing climate has led to increasing use of renewable energy generated from hydroelectric, solar, and wind, amongst others (e.g., Twidell & Weir, 2015). These sources of energy diminish harmful byproducts, such as greenhouse gas emissions, and are described as "green energy." However, renewable energy
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