In the present world, passive control finds application in various areas like flow over blunt projectiles, missiles, supersonic parallel diffusers (for cruise correction), the engine of jets, static testbeds of rockets, the ports of internal combustion engines, vernier rockets, and single expansion ramp nozzle (SERN) rockets. In this review, various passive control techniques to control the base pressure and regulate the drag force are discussed. In the study, papers ranging from subsonic, sonic, and supersonic flow are discussed. Different types of passive control management techniques like cavity, ribs, dimple, static cylinder, spikes, etc., are discussed in this review article. This study found that the passive control device can control the base pressure, resulting in an enhancement in the base pressure and reducing the base drag. Also, passive control is very efficient whenever there is a favorable pressure gradient at the nozzle exit.
In this work, we present the findings of the experimental study conducted in a rectangular duct at sonic and supersonic Mach numbers using passive control in the form of semi-circular ribs. Tests are conducted at sonic Mach number and four supersonic Mach numbers. The supersonic Mach numbers of the study are 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, and 2.5. The flow from the nozzles is discharged into the enlarged duct. The ribs are placed at 28 mm (1D), 56 mm (2D), 84 mm (3D), and 112 mm (4D) from the base to find the effect of the control mechanism on the flow field and the base pressure. The ribs of 6, 8, and 10 mm diameter are used to control the base pressure and ultimately the base drag. At Mach 2.2 and 2.5, control is not effective because the nozzles are over-expanded. These results reiterate the findings from the literature that the control is effective whether passive or active when nozzles flow under the influence of a favorable pressure gradient. The same is evident from the results at Mach 1.5 and 1.8. The NPRs at these Mach numbers are such that nozzles are under, correctly, and under expanded. When nozzles are operated for under expanded case, the control results in an increase in the base pressure when passive control is employed. These highly complex data are predicted using a single-layered neural network and a deep-layer neural network to save time and make it cost-effective, which shows that the data can be predicted with an accuracy of 0.88–0.99. The proposed models can predict the highly sensitive pressure terms for aerodynamic flows.
In some cases, the nozzle of a rocket engine could deform during manufacturing or testing, flare up and distort during operation in such a way that periodically repeating structures of depressions and protrusions form on the wall surface. Complex configurations of roughness topologies have been experimentally observed to form due to this fluid-structure interaction and have been known to distort the boundary layer and increase local drag and heat transfer. A numerical experiment was carried out using ANSYS FLUENT to assess the effects of geometry (streamwise wavelengths ? and length-to-depth ratios (L/D)) of discrete roughness topologies in the form of steps and cavities on flow field distortions and resulting total drag. It was found that cavity L/D ratios of 19.8 – 23.1 and 12.8 – 15.5 yielded the highest drag coefficients. The flow fields over these periodic arrays exhibited closed and a combination of closed cavity type features, and it can be concluded that the flow phenomena associated with separation caused by forward facing steps in closed cavity type topologies contributed the most to the total drag. L/D ratios of 6.3 – 8.4 exhibited the lowest drag coefficient. The lower drag coefficient is due to the modification of the turbulent boundary layer by the trapped coherent vortical structure within the cavities. Pressure forces become more dominant as the surface wavelength is decreased. For all cases, there was a pronounced increase in the boundary layer thickness after each successive cavity.
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