The use of drug delivery systems is a good technique to leave the right quantity of medicine in the patient’s body in a suitable dose, because the drug application is delivered directly to the affected region. The current techniques such as HPLC and UV–Vis for the drug delivery calculation has some disadvantages, as the accuracy and the loss of the sample after characterization. With the aim of reducing the amount of material used during the characterization and have a non-destructive test with instantaneous results, the present paper shows the possibility of using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to have a drug delivery measurement during the release phenomena for a calcium phosphate cement (CFC) delivery system with gentamicin sulfate (GS) and lidocaine hydrochloride (LH), at a ratio of 1% and 2%, respectively. The equivalent circuit and the chemical mechanism involved during the measurements have been proposed as a tool to determine the drug delivery profile. The method has been compared with the UV–Vis technique. XRD was realized to verify conditions, before and after release. It was possible to verify the potential for using EIS as an instant technique to quantify drug delivery.
ResumoA tecnologia de injeção de carvão pulverizado (ICP) nas ventaneiras dos altos-fornos é consolidada mundialmente para diminuir o consumo de coque para a produção de ferrogusa. Atualmente, existem mais de 400 altos-fornos que praticam esta técnica, sendo que em mais de 70% de todos os altos-fornos no mundo já se usa algum tipo de injeção de materiais sólidos. A injeção de carvão pulverizado permite utilizar misturas de carvões com diferentes características, possibilitando reduções no custo de produção do ferro-gusa. Um carvão para injeção precisa queimar rapidamente para minimizar a formação de carvão não queimado, material que prejudica a permeabilidade do altoforno (AF). Devido à necessidade contínua que as siderúrgicas têm de reduzir os custos de produção, o reaproveitamento de resíduos industriais é uma tendência crescente no segmento. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho avaliou a combustibilidade dos finos de coque provenientes do despoeiramento do beneficiamento de coque da Gerdau Ouro Branco, visando à injeção em AF. O material possuía granulometria abaixo de 90µm, usualmente praticada em ICP. Os ensaios de combustibilidade foram realizados com o material em proporção única e, em misturas de diferentes proporções mássicas com carvões minerais. A combustibilidade dos carvões e dos finos de coque foi avaliada e mostrou que os finos de coque provenientes do despoeiramento do beneficiamento de coque possuem boa combustibilidade e podem ser injetados em alto-forno. Palavras-chave: ICP; Carvão pulverizado; Finos de coque; Reaproveitamento de resíduos industriais. COMBUSTIBILITY EVALUATION OF GERDAU'S COKE POWDER FOCUSING INJECTION IN BLAST FURNACE AbstractThe PCI technology (Pulverized Coal Injection) through tuyeres of blast furnaces is worldwide solidified to reduce the coke used to produce hot metal. Nowadays, more than 400 blast furnaces use this technology and more than 70% all blast furnaces in the world use some kind of solid materials injection. The pulverized coal injection allows using mixes of coal in different characters, allowing reduce the production costs of hot metal. A coal for injection needs burning fast to reduce the char formation (coal not burned), material that injures the blast furnace permeability. How steel plants should reduce constantly the production costs, reuse rests is an increasing trend at siderurgical segment. In this context, this work evalued the combustibility of coke powder proceeded from dust removal of Gerdau's coke processing with focus to inject in blast furnace. The coke powder analysed was under than 90µm, usually used in PCI. The combustibility tests were made with the material alone and mixed with other mineral coals in different rates. The combustibility of coals and coke powder was evaluated and showed that coke powder proceed from dust removal has good combustibility and can be used to inject in blast furnace.
ResumoNo processo de produção de gusa são frequentes as pesquisas em busca de meios de redução dos custos do produto final, além de adequações do processo à escassez de matéria-prima e tudo isso com o intuito final de garantir a lucratividade do setor. A preocupação com os impactos ambientais do processo também é assunto frequentemente levantado por profissionais da área devido à sua igualmente grande importância. Através da injeção de materiais pulverizados e gás pelas ventaneiras de um reator é possível conseguir economia de gastos com adição de carvão de topo. Por esse motivo e também visando à redução dos malefícios causados pela liberação de gases diretamente na atmosfera que surgiu a ideia da injeção de biogás pelas ventaneiras. Assim é possível evitar a liberação de CH4 que é altamente prejudicial à vida no planeta, além de reduzir o consumo de carvão de topo no Alto-Forno.Este trabalho discute a variação da Temperatura de Chama frente o efeito da utilização de biogás em Altos-Fornos, bem como o potencial energético desse gás tendo em vista a abundância de fontes de metano provenientes do setor bovino e suíno no Brasil. Palavras-chave: Biogás; Alto forno; Injeção. THE BIOGAS EFFECT IN FLAME TEMPERATURE WHEN USED AS FUEL AUXILIARY AbstractIn the production process of pig iron is common the researches seeking new ways to reduce the final product costs, as well as adjustments of the process like the shortage of raw material and with the final aim of guaranteeing the sector's profitability. Professionals due their big importance also discuss the concern about the environmental impacts of the process. Through the injecting of puveralized materials and auxiliary material by the tuyeres of a reactor is possible to save cost with added of top coal.For this reason and in order to reduce the harm caused by the release of gases directly into the atmosphere came the idea of biogas injection by the tuyeres.Thus is possible to avoid the release of CH4 that is highly damaging for life on the planet, while reducing top coal consumption in the blast furnace. This paper discusses the variation of the flame temperature front the effect of the use of biogas into blast furnaces and the potential of biogas comparing to the abundance of methane sources from bovine and swine sector in Brazil.
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