Although steady progress has been made in transducing human T lymphocytes by Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV)-based vectors, few studies have been done to define ex vivo gene transfer protocols to transduce rhesus macaque primary T lymphocytes. Given the fact that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaque is a well-characterized model for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), it is of great interest to develop an efficient protocol to transduce rhesus macaque primary T cells. In this study, we have used MuLV-10A1-pseudotyped retrovirus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) to evaluate a number of ex vivo gene transfer protocols in rhesus macaque primary T lymphocytes. Our objectives in designing these protocols were (1) to test whether higher efficiency gene transfer could be obtained by combining two previously defined protocols, centrifugation at 32 degrees C and the CH-296-coated plate; and (2) to study the effect of an ex vivo gene transfer protocol on the expression of lymphocyte homing receptors L-selectin and alpha 4 beta 7 and alpha 4 beta 1 integrins. From seven independent experiments we demonstrate by flow cytometry analyses of EGFP expression that whereas centrifugation at 32 degrees C or the fibronectin fragment CH-296-coated plate protocol alone yielded 10-14% transduction efficiency, combining these two protocols resulted in 28.1-51.2% transduction efficiency. EGFP in transduced cells was expressed highly throughout the 14 days of posttransduction expansion. Our results also demonstrate that whereas the transduction procedure per se did not significantly alter the expression of lymphocyte homing receptors, anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibody stimulation profoundly reduced the expression of L-selectin. The selective reduction of L-selectin may result in significant in vivo consequences if transduced cells are infused.
This demonstration shows a natural gesture interface for console entertainment devices using as input a stereo pair of dynamic vision sensors. The event-based processing of the sparse sensor output allows fluid interaction at a laptop processor load of less than 3%.Abstract-This paper describes a novel gesture interface based on a stereo pair of event-based vision sensors and neuromorphic event processing techniques. The motion trajectory of a moving hand is detected every 3 ms by spatiotemporally correlating the output events of the DVSs by using leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neurons after the stereo vergence fusion. The trajectory of each gesture is automatically spotted by setting the threshold of LIF neurons, and, subsequently, sixteen feature vectors are extracted from each spotted gesture trajectory. The thresholds of LIF neurons are adaptively adjusted based on the disparity obtained from the stereovision to achieve distance invariant performance of gesture spotting. Gesture patterns were classified by using hidden Markov model (HMM)-based gesture models. The implemented system was tested with 6 subjects (3 untrained subjects and 3 trained subjects) producing continuous hand gestures (22 trials of 9 successive gestures for each subject). Achieved recognition rates ranged from 91.9 % to 99.5% depending on subject.V.
The current study aimed to compare the pH, solubility value, and ion release capability of premixed mineral trioxide aggregates (MTAs) versus conventional pulp capping materials before and after setting. The following materials were used: resin-modified calcium silicate cement (TheraCal LC<sup>®</sup>, TLC), resin-modified calcium hydroxide cement (Ultra-Blend<sup>TM</sup> plus, UBP), and 2 kinds of premixed MTA (Endocem MTA<sup>®</sup> premixed regular 〔EMPR〕 and Well-Root<sup>TM</sup> PT 〔WRP〕). The specimens of each material were prepared before and after setting and were immersed in distilled water. The materials’ pH and solubility value were assessed. Next, three kinds of ion (calcium, sulfide, and strontium) released by pulp capping materials were evaluated via inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. In the after-setting group, the pH of TLC and UBP decreased. However, the pH of the premixed MTAs increased with time. TLC released a higher concentration of strontium ion compared with the other materials. Meanwhile, EMPR released a significantly high concentration of sulfide ion (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In the after-setting group, the 2 kinds of premixed MTAs released a significantly higher concentration of calcium ion compared with the other materials (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In the after-setting group, EMPR had a significantly low solubility value (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction, was used in statistical analysis. In conclusion, resin-modified calcium silicate cement, modified calcium hydroxide cement, and the 2 kinds of premixed MTAs had an alkaline pH and low solubility value and they released various concentrations of ions after setting.
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