The platelet paradigm in hemostasis and thrombosis involves an initiation step that depends on platelet membrane receptors binding to ligands on a damaged or inflamed vascular surface. Once bound to the surface, platelets provide a unique microenvironment supporting the accumulation of more platelets and the elaboration of a fibrin-rich network produced by coagulation factors. The platelet-specific receptor glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX, is critical in this process and initiates the formation of a platelet-rich thrombus by tethering the platelet to a thrombogenic surface. A role for platelets beyond the hemostasis/thrombosis paradigm is emerging with significant platelet contributions in both tumorigenesis and inflammation. We have established congenic (N10) mouse colonies (C57BL/6J) with dysfunctional GP Ib-IX receptors in our laboratory that allow us an opportunity to examine the relevance of platelet GP Ib-IX in syngeneic mouse models of experimental metastasis. Our results demonstrate platelet GP Ib-IX contributes to experimental metastasis because a functional absence of GP Ib-IX correlates with a 15-fold reduction in the number of lung metastatic foci using B16F10.1 melanoma cells. The results demonstrate that the extracellular domain of the ␣-subunit of GP Ib is the structurally relevant component of the GP Ib-IX complex contributing to metastasis. Our results support the hypothesis that platelet GP Ib-IX functions that support normal hemostasis or pathologic thrombosis also contribute to tumor malignancy.adhesion ͉ tumor ͉ hemostasis ͉ knockout ͉ melanoma C irculating blood platelets have an inherent adhesive potential long recognized as essential for hemostasis and thrombosis. Beyond the platelet paradigm for blood clotting and thrombosis, it is becoming apparent that the platelet's adhesive potential influences pathological events outside its role in hemostasis. Indeed, emerging hypotheses suggest the platelet paradigm in hemostasis and thrombosis, an accumulation of platelets and the elaboration of a fibrin matrix, may provide a mechanism for circulating tumor cells to metastasize. Experimental proof that platelets effect tumor metastasis was provided in models where an experimental lowering of circulating platelet counts reduced metastasis (1-3).Evidence suggests that carcinoma cells entering the circulation interact with both platelets and leukocytes to form tumor cell aggregates (1, 4). Data have suggested one mechanism linking the platelet to metastasis is a platelet ''cloak'' surrounding the tumor cell and protecting the tumor cell from immune surveillance (5, 6). Tumorigenesis has been linked to several molecules essential for blood coagulation and normal platelet function. These include thrombin, tissue factor, platelet P-selectin, fibrinogen, and lysophosphatidic acid (3,4,(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). Together, these results suggest that platelets and their procoagulant activity support tumor metastasis, possibly by aiding tumor cells to lodge in the microvasculature and either extravasate...

A new formula of local 2-D dispersion coefficients proposed by Komatsu et al. is incorporated into an ecological simulation model of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and T-P (Total Phosphorus) in Hakata Bay. The 2-D dispersion coefficient is expressed as the product of the local tidal maximum velocity and the local depth. The proportional constant of the formula for COD is found to be slightly different from that for salinity. The model calculations of COD and T-P are reasonably consistent with observations.

A commercial or industrial large city often develops at the hinterland of a deep bay owing to its high defensibility against stormy sea. However, the exchange rate of sea-water between the inside and the outside of the bay is very low, so that the water is much polluted by industrial and domestic waste water in many cases. The Dokai Bay has also the same social problem. In order to solve the problem we propose an idea of improvement of water quality in this paper, which is that clean sea water of Hibiki open sea is introduced into Dokai Bay. Various conditions for water purifications have been attempted by using the diffusion simulations of COD. It has been clear that introduction of clean sea water (3m3/sec.) into the innerpart of Dokai Bay is very effective for purification.