Research Highlights 1. General environmental awareness influences acceptance of road pricing. 2. Trust in government is found to be another important determinant. 3. Determinants of acceptability of road pricing and environmental taxation are similar. 4. There are some differences in determinants of hypothetical and implemented policies.
The cationic ruthenium−hydride complex [(C 6 H 6 )(PCy 3 )(CO)RuH] + BF 4 − catalyzes selective etherification of two different alcohols to form unsymmetrically substituted ethers. The catalytic method exhibits a broad substrate scope while tolerating a range of heteroatom functional groups in forming unsymmetrical ethers, and it is successfully used to directly synthesize a number of highly functionalized chiral nonracemic ethers.
In recent years, due to its great promise in boosting the energy density of lithium batteries for future energy storage, research on the Li metal anode, as an alternative to the graphite anode in Li‐ion batteries, has gained significant momentum. However, the practical use of Li metal anodes has been plagued by unstable Li (re)deposition and poor cyclability. Although tremendous efforts have been devoted to the stabilization of Li metal anodes, the mechanisms of electrochemical (re‐)deposition/dissolution of Li and solid‐electrolyte‐interphase (SEI) formation remain elusive. This article highlights the recent mechanistic understandings and observations of Li deposition/dissolution and SEI formation achieved from advanced characterization techniques and simulation methods, and discusses major limitations and open questions in these processes. In particular, the authors provide their perspectives on advanced and emerging/potential methods for obtaining new insights into these questions. In addition, they give an outlook into cutting‐edge interdisciplinary research topics for Li metal anodes. It pushes beyond the current knowledge and is expected to accelerate development toward a more in‐depth and comprehensive understanding, in order to guide future research on Li metal anodes toward practical application.
The main aim of the work is to assess physical parameters of forest woodchips and their impact on the prices achieved by the supplier in transactions with a power plant. During fragmentation of logging residue, high content of green matter and contaminants negatively impacts the quality parameters that serve as basis for settlements. The analysis concerns data on the main parameters -water content, fuel value, sulphur and ash content -from 252 days of deliveries of forest chips to a power plant. The deliveries were realised from forested areas on an average about 340 km from the plant. Average water content and the resultant fuel value of forest chips was within 27-47% and 8.7-12.9 GJ×Mg −1 (appropriately), respectively. They depend on the month in which they are delivered to the power plant. The threshold values for the above-mentioned parameters are set by the plant at a real level and the suppliers have no problems with meeting them. The parameter that is most frequently exceeded is ash content (11.5% of cases). The settlement system does not differentiate on the basis of the transport distance but gives possibility to lower the settlement price when the quality parameters are not met but provides no reward for deliveries with parameters better than the average ones. On the basis of results obtained, it was calculated that average annual settlement price is lower than the contract price by about 0.20 PLN×GJ −1 , which in case of the analysed company may translate into an average daily loss of about 700 PLN.
The cationic Ru-H complex was found to be an effective catalyst for the intermolecular hydroacylation of aryl-substituted olefins with aldehydes to form branched ketone products. The preliminary kinetic and spectroscopic studies elucidated a ruthenium-acyl complex as the key intermediate species. The catalytic method directly afforded branched ketone products in a highly regioselective manner while tolerating a number of heteroatom functional groups.
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