ObjectivesEven though vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT) using head-mounted display (HMD) has been highlighted recently as a popular virtual reality platform, we should consider that HMD itself do not provide interactive environment for VRT. This study aimed to test the feasibility of interactive components using eye tracking assisted strategy through neurophysiologic evidence.MethodsHMD implemented with an infrared-based eye tracker was used to generate a virtual environment for VRT. Eighteen healthy subjects participated in our experiment, wherein they performed a saccadic eye exercise (SEE) under two conditions of feedback-on (F-on, visualization of eye position) and feedback-off (F-off, non-visualization of eye position). Eye position was continuously monitored in real time on those two conditions, but this information was not provided to the participants. Electroencephalogram recordings were used to estimate neural dynamics and attention during SEE, in which only valid trials (correct responses) were included in electroencephalogram analysis.ResultsSEE accuracy was higher in the F-on than F-off condition (P=0.039). The power spectral density of beta band was higher in the F-on condition on the frontal (P=0.047), central (P=0.042), and occipital areas (P=0.045). Beta–event-related desynchronization was significantly more pronounced in the F-on (–0.19 on frontal and –0.22 on central clusters) than in the F-off condition (0.23 on frontal and 0.05 on central) on preparatory phase (P=0.005 for frontal and P=0.024 for central). In addition, more abundant functional connectivity was revealed under the F-on condition.ConclusionConsidering substantial gain may come from goal directed attention and activation of brain-network while performing VRT, our preclinical study from SEE suggests that eye tracking algorithms may work efficiently in vestibular rehabilitation using HMD.
Accepting death is an important concept in the study of death. This study was a descriptive correlation study conducted to identify factors related to acceptance of death in elderly people. Methods: The participants were 156 elderly people conveniently selected in Seoul. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and the data collection period was the month of September, 2013. Descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression were used for data analysis. Results: Elders showed moderate levels in their acceptance of death, ego-integrity, family function, readiness for death. There were significant positive correlations between acceptance of death and readiness for death. The factors influencing acceptance of death were readiness for death (β=.33, p<.001), having received education on death (β=-.27, p<.001) and living with their spouse (β=.19, p=.009). These variables explained 22.8% of acceptance of death. Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that for elders, readiness for death had the greatest influence on acceptance of death. Therefore, assessment of readiness for death could be used as an evidence base for the development of an education programs on death preparedness including psychological, physical and post-death preparation.
Common R or R-L load do not need special inverter circuits, however piezoelectric load can be considered as R-C load and its voltage does not become 0 even though the applied voltage is 0. Therefore it needs some special inverter with circuit that can discharge the capacitive energy. Especially for unidirectional square-wave voltage driving, it becomes more serious problem. In this paper, an energy recovery circuit for unidirectional square-wave voltage driving for piezoelectric load is proposed. With the circuit, the peak load current and the power supply capacity can be reduced because the energy in the load capacitor is saved to a capacitor for energy recovery and recharged from the capacitor. The appropriateness is proved from the simulation of the proposed circuit.
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