The electrical injection of spin current in the lateral Permalloy/Au/Permalloy spin valve devices was investigated. Clear spin valve effects were found in nonlocal spin valve measurements. The spin diffusion length of Au was evaluated to be 168nm. High spin injection polarization of 26% at 15K was achieved from our samples with low interface resistance. The observed spin injection reveals the highest polarization among the reported values. This work demonstrates the high spin injection polarization through clean interface with low interface resistance.
Spin injection and accumulation have been investigated for Ni81Fe19∕Au∕Ni81Fe19 lateral spin valves with various separations between spin injector and detector. The spin valve has been studied by using two distinct measurement configurations: the local and nonlocal measurement configurations. For both configurations, a spin valve signal has been found in the wide temperature range from 15to300K, and the magnitude of the spin valve signal decreases as the temperature increases. Based on the nonlocal spin valve signals, we estimate that the spin-diffusion length of a Au film is 85nm and that the spin-injection efficiency is 73% at T=15K.
In this study, four infiltration facilities (permeable pavement, infiltration gutter, infiltration trench, and infiltration well) have been investigated and compared with their flood runoff reduction effect. The SEEP/W model was used to estimate the infiltration amount of each facility, and the flood runoff reduction effect was quantified by the decrease in curve number (CN). As a result of this study, we found that: (1) the infiltration could be successfully simulated by the SEEP/W model, whose result could also be quantified effectively by the decrease in CN; (2) among the four infiltration facilities considered in this study, the infiltration well and infiltration trench were found to be most efficient and economical; (3) finally, the intervention effect of the nearby infiltration facility was found not so significant. In an extreme case where the infiltration wells were located at 1 m interval, the intervention effect was found to be just 1%.
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