This study was undertaken to characterize a lactic acid bacterium 4I1, isolated from the freshwater fish, Zacco koreanus. Morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization of 4I1 revealed it to be Pediococcus pentosaceus 4I1. The cell free supernatant (CFS) of P. pentosaceus 4I1 exhibited significant (p < 0.05) antibacterial effects (inhibition zone diameters: 16.5–20.4 mm) against tested foodborne pathogenic bacteria with MIC and MBC values of 250–500 and 500–1,000 μg/mL, respectively. Further, antibacterial action of CFS of P. pentosaceus 4I1 against two selected bacteria Staphylococcus aureus KCTC-1621 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 was determined in subsequent assays. The CFS of P. pentosaceus 4I1 revealed its antibacterial action against S. aureus KCTC-1621 and E. coli O157:H7 on membrane integrity as confirmed by a reduction in cell viability, increased potassium ion release (900 and 800 mmol/L), reduced absorption at 260-nm (3.99 and 3.77 OD), and increased relative electrical conductivity (9.9 and 9.7%), respectively. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of the CFS of P. pentosaceus 4I1 resulted in the identification of seven major compounds, which included amino acids, fatty acids and organic acids. Scanning electron microscopic-based morphological analysis further confirmed the antibacterial effect of CFS of P. pentosaceus 4I1 against S. aureus KCTC-1621 and E. coli O157:H7. In addition, the CFS of P. Pentosaceus 4I1 displayed potent inhibitory effects on biofilms formation by S. aureus KCTC-1621 and E. coli O157:H7. The study indicates the CFS of P. pentosaceus 4I1 offers an alternative means of controlling foodborne pathogens.

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This article answers two major policy questions about the economic benefits of sport fishing in the commonwealth of Pennsylvania: (1) what is the annual value of the common-wealth’s sport fishing resources, and (2) what is the annual impact from the use of that resource? The study also evaluates the nonconsumptive value of nonresidential wild-life-watching resources for angler households. A mail survey was used to collect data on licensed Pennsylvania anglers’ annual equipment and trip expenditures for sport fishing and for wildlife watching. Results of the travel cost method showed that the annual values of the sport fishing resources and the wildlife-watching resources were $3.98 and $0.50 billion, respectively. Results of the Impact Analysis for Planning model indicated that the annual economic impact of sport fishing was $4.75 billion. This information can be used with biological data, results of public opinion, and surveys about fisheries management to formulate policy decisions that help match availability of sport fishing resources with future demand.

The use of information boards tends to be regulated in many heritage sites to preserve these cultural heritage places. Although augmented reality (AR) has become a major approach for reducing negative experiences due to restrictions, limited studies have been conducted to understand the effect of AR experiential value on destination-related behavior. Accordingly, the current work aims to investigate how the multidimensional components of AR experiential value (i.e., visual appeal, entertainment, enjoyment, and escapism) affect supportive behavior through AR satisfaction and experiential authenticity. Partial least squares structural equation modeling is performed to test the relationships. Results show that visual appeal, entertainment, and enjoyment exert significant positive effects on destination authenticity and AR satisfaction, ultimately increasing the supportive behavior of an individual. By contrast, escapism does not exhibit a substantial influence on experiential authenticity and AR satisfaction. These findings help practitioners and researchers create competitive advantages for destinations and improve tourist–destination relationships.

The sun-spot-destination resort market is one of the most important and growing segments of the contemporary tourism market. The objective of this study was to determine, through a telephone interview survey of 702 American travel parties, if there were significant differences between travel parties who preferred an all-inclusive travel package and those who preferred independent travel arrangements. The variables of interest in these comparisons were: socio-demographic characteristics, travel-related characteristics, determinant attributes and lifestyle characteristics. Results indicate that there are significant differences in terms of age distributions, employment status, preferred destinations, length of stay, several lifestyle characteristics and preferences for physical and psychological aspects (determinant attributes) of the resort.

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