Background: Managing type 1 diabetes can be challenging, especially for youth, so there is a need for effective interventions to help youth live with diabetes.Objective: To determine the efficacy of a coping skills training (CST) program for Chinese youth with type 1 diabetes and to explore whether the efficacy of the program was different for school-aged children than for adolescents with type 1 diabetes.Methods: A total of 100 youth with type 1 diabetes aged 8 to 20 years were randomly placed in either an intervention group (CST + standard care [SC]) or a control group (SC). Data were collected at baseline, 6-month, and 12-month follow-ups on primary outcomes of perceived stress, coping, and self-efficacy and secondary outcomes of diabetes self-management, quality of life, and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). A generalized estimating equation analysis for repeated measures was used to determine the program effects and differential effects by age group.Results: The CST program had no significant effect on primary or secondary outcomes over 12 months. However, there was a significant increase in positive coping (P < .001), self-efficacy (P = .017), diabetes problem-solving and goals of diabetes self-management (P = .007, P = .001), and quality of life (P = .016) of school-aged children in the intervention group compared with the control group. There were no significant differences in primary or secondary outcomes between the intervention group and the control group (P > .05). Conclusions:The CST program was effective for school-aged children, improving psychosocial and diabetes self-management outcomes. Further research is needed to develop programs that improve outcomes in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

An atomic-scale theory of the viscoelastic response of metallic glasses is derived from first principles, using a Zwanzig-Caldeira-Leggett system-bath Hamiltonian as a starting point within the framework of nonaffine linear response to mechanical deformation. This approach provides a Generalized-Langevin-Equation (GLE) as the average equation of motion for an atom or ion in the material, from which non-Markovian nonaffine viscoelastic moduli are extracted. These can be evaluated using the vibrational density of states (DOS) as input, where the boson peak plays a prominent role for the mechanics. To compare with experimental data of binary ZrCu alloys, numerical DOS was obtained from simulations of this system, which take also electronic degrees of freedom into account via the embedded atom method (EAM) for the interatomic potential. It is shown that the viscoelastic α-relaxation, including the α-wing asymmetry in the loss modulus, can be very well described by the theory if the memory kernel (the non-Markovian friction) in the GLE is taken to be a stretched-exponential decaying function of time. This finding directly implies strong memory effects in the atomic-scale dynamics, and suggests that the α-relaxation time is related to the characteristic time-scale over which atoms retain memory of their previous collision history. This memory time grows dramatically below the glass transition.

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This paper presents a set of general strategies for the analysis of structure in amorphous materials and a general approach to assessing the utility of a selected structural description. Measures of structural diversity and utility are defined and applied to two model glass forming binary atomic alloys. In addition, a new measure of incipient crystal-like organization is introduced, suitable for cases where the stable crystal is a compound structure.

Aims The aims of this study were to: (a) determine if self‐efficacy mediates the relationship between perceived stress and diabetes self‐management in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D); and (b) explore whether perceived stress moderated the self‐efficacy and diabetes self‐management relationship. Design Non‐experimental, descriptive correlational design, conducted from January–December 2016. Methods Guided by the Adaptation to Diabetes framework, data on demographic and clinical characteristics, perceived stress, self‐efficacy and diabetes self‐management were collected. Descriptive analyses and regression analyses were generated by SPSS Version 22. Structural equation modelling was implemented with the MPlus program. Results There was no direct effect of perceived stress on diabetes self‐management; however, self‐efficacy mediated the relationship between perceived stress and diabetes self‐management. Adolescents who had high self‐efficacy and low perceived stress demonstrated better diabetes care activities and diabetes communication than would be predicted from the main effects of self‐efficacy and perceived stress alone. Conclusions Decreasing perceived stress and improving self‐efficacy are important strategies to improve diabetes self‐management in adolescents with T1D. Impact Adolescents with T1D experience considerable stress with daily self‐management demands. This study highlights the mediating role of self‐efficacy on perceived stress and diabetes self‐management. Assessment of perceived stress and self‐efficacy in self‐management tasks in adolescents with T1D may help nurses individualize self‐management education and support. Incorporating strategies to promote stress management and self‐efficacy in diabetes education may also improve diabetes self‐management.

It has so far remained a major challenge to quantitatively predict the boson peak, a THz vibrational anomaly universal for glasses, from features in the amorphous structure. Using molecular dynamics simulations of a model Cu 50 Zr 50 glass, we decompose the boson peak to contributions from atoms residing in different types of Voronoi polyhedra. We then introduce a microscopic structural parameter to depict the "orientational order", using the vector pointing from the center atom to the farthest vertex of its Voronoi coordination polyhedron. This order parameter represents the

Women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and other health issues after delivery. They may have a lower quality of life (QoL), experience more medical-related stress, and need more support than those without it. This study aimed to examine the six-month efficacy of an intensive lifestyle modification program on perceived stress, social support, and QoL among women with prior GDM in rural China. A total of 320 women with prior GDM were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 160) and a control group (n = 160). Participants in the intervention group received an intensive lifestyle modification (ILSM) program, including a series of six biweekly face-to-face sessions and five biweekly phone sessions delivered by trained local health workers. The control group received the usual care. Data about perceived stress, social support, QoL, and HbA1c were collected at baseline, at three months, and at six-month follow-ups. Generalized estimating equation analysis was used to assess the efficacy of the intervention. There were significant improvements in the psychological domain (β = 0.479 ± 0.153, p = 0.002) and environmental domain (β = 0.462 ± 0.145, p = 0.001) of QoL over six months; there were significant group effects (β = −0.718 ± 0.280, p = 0.010) and time effects (β = 0.453 ± 0.211, p = 0.032) in physiological domain, and there were significant group effects in the social relations domain (β = −0.669 ± 0.321, p = 0.037). The ILSM group had a more pronounced downward trend in HbA1c than the control group (β = −0.050 ± 0.026, p = 0.059). The ILSM program can help women with GDM improve their psychological and environmental domain of QoL. It can be recommended as a form of health promotion for improving QoL among women with prior GDM in rural primary care settings in developing countries.

A popular Adam-Gibbs scenario has suggested that the excess entropy of glass and liquid over crystal dominates the dynamical arrest at the glass transition with exclusive contribution from configurational entropy over vibrational entropy. However, an intuitive structural rationale for the emergence of frozen dynamics in relation to entropy is still lacking. Here we study these issues by atomistically simulating the vibrational, configurational, as well as total entropy of a model glass former over their crystalline counterparts for the entire temperature range spanning from glass to liquid. Besides confirming the Adam-Gibbs entropy scenario, the concept of Shannon information entropy is introduced to characterize the diversity of atomic-level structures, which undergoes a striking variation across the glass transition, and explains the change found in the excess configurational entropy. Hence, the hidden structural mechanism underlying the entropic kink at the transition is revealed in terms of proliferation of certain atomic structures with a higher degree of centrosymmetry, which are more rigid and possess less nonaffine softening modes. In turn, the proliferation of these centrosymmetric (rigid) structures leads to the freezing-in of the dynamics beyond which further structural adjustements become highly unfavourable, thus explaining the kink in the configurational entropy at the transition.