Web services are loosely coupled software components, published, located, and invoked across the web. The growing number of web services available within an organization and on the Web raises a new and challenging search problem: locating desired web services. Traditional keyword search is insufficient in this context: the specific types of queries users require are not captured, the very small text fragments in web services are unsuitable for keyword search, and the underlying structure and semantics of the web services are not exploited. We describe the algorithms underlying the Woogle search engine for web services. Woogle supports similarity search for web services, such as finding similar webservice operations and finding operations that compose with a given one. We describe novel techniques to support these types of searches, and an experimental study on a collection of over 1500 web-service operations that shows the high recall and precision of our algorithms.

Abstract-In computational electromagnetics, the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) is used to reduce the computational complexity of the matrix vector product operations. In iteratively solving the dense linear systems arising from discretized hybrid integral equations, the sparse approximate inverse (SAI) preconditioning technique is employed to accelerate the convergence rate of the Krylov iterations. We show that a good quality SAI preconditioner can be constructed by using the near part matrix numerically generated in the MLFMA. The main purpose of this study is to show that this class of the SAI preconditioners are effective with the MLFMA and can reduce the number of Krylov iterations substantially. Our experimental results indicate that the SAI preconditioned MLFMA maintains the computational complexity of the MLFMA, but converges a lot faster, thus effectively reduces the overall simulation time.Index Terms-Electromagnetic scattering, Krylov methods, multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA), sparse approximate inverse (SAI) preconditioning.

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