An efficient synthesis of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones or spiro[cyclohexene-1,2'-imidazol]-4'-ones has been achieved in moderate to high yields by the visible light-induced and N-bromosuccinimide-mediated cyclization reaction of 2-azido-N-phenylacetamides at ambient temperature. Both the regioselectivity and the speed of cyclization are affected by the substituents attached to the phenyl ring. For example, quinoxalin-2-ones are produced as the main products when the substrates bear electron-withdrawing groups at the para-position of the phenyl ring; in contrast, spiro[cyclohexene-1,2'-imidazol]-4'-ones are obtained as the main products when the substrates bear electron-donating groups at the para-position.
This paper describes an approach to design of brushless de motors considering the cogging torque reduction and running torque optimization to enhance the product robustness. The approach is based on Tawchi method and utilizes the orthogonal array for design of 'experiments', i.e. the scheme for numerical simulations using a finite element method. The concept of sienal-to-noise (SN) ratio is aDDlied to design target while keeping the product performance insensitive to the effects of noise factors that may be due to variability in manufacturing process or environmental conditions, The effectiveness of the technique was demonstrated In the design examples presented below. evaluate the mot& performance. A comparison is made between the robust solution and the result obtained using a conventional optimization procedure to demonstrate the effectiveness of the rohnst design approach.
In the present study, the effects of Al content on the evolution of inclusions formed in Fe-16Mn-xAl-0.6C high Mn TWIP steels were investigated experimentally and discussed based on the thermodynamic calculation with FactSage. The results showed that with the increase of Al content from 0.002 to 2.1 wt-% in the steels, the evolution route of the main oxide inclusions is MnORAl 2 O 3 RMgAl 2 O 4 RMgO, the main sulphide inclusion is changed from MnS to MgS, and the dominant stable inclusion changes along the route of MnORAl 2 O 3 /MnSRMnSRAlN. The main inclusion types in thermodynamic calculation results with FactSage are consistent with the observed results in the present experimental steels.
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