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Thyroid uptake of iodide via the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) is the first step in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones that are critical for health and development in humans and wildlife. Despite having long been a known target of endocrine disrupting chemicals such as perchlorate, information regarding NIS inhibition activity is still unavailable for the vast majority of environmental chemicals. This study applied a previously validated high-throughput approach to screen for NIS inhibitors in the ToxCast phase I library, representing 293 important environmental chemicals. Here 310 blinded samples were screened in a tiered-approach using an initial single-concentration (100 μM) radioactive-iodide uptake (RAIU) assay, followed by 169 samples further evaluated in multi-concentration (0.001 μM-100 μM) testing in parallel RAIU and cell viability assays. A novel chemical ranking system that incorporates multi-concentration RAIU and cytotoxicity responses was also developed as a standardized method for chemical prioritization in current and future screenings. Representative chemical responses and thyroid effects of high-ranking chemicals are further discussed. This study significantly expands current knowledge of NIS inhibition potential in environmental chemicals and provides critical support to U.S. EPA's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) initiative to expand coverage of thyroid molecular targets, as well as the development of thyroid adverse outcome pathways (AOPs).

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Memristors have recently emerged as promising contenders for in-memory computing and artificial neural networks, attributed to their analogies to biological synapses and neurons in structural and electrical behaviors. From the diversity level, a variety of materials have been demonstrated to have great potential for memristor applications. Herein, we focus on one class of crystalline materials (CMs)-based flexible memristors with state-of-the-art experimental demonstrations. Firstly, the typical device structure and switching mechanisms are introduced. Secondly, the recent advances on CMs-based flexible memristors, including 2D materials, metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and perovskites, as well as their applications for data storage and neuromorphic devices are comprehensively summarized. Finally, the future challenges and perspectives of CMs-based flexible memristors are presented.

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