Soil microorganisms are greatly affected by their microenvironment. To reveal the influence of different land use patterns on the composition and diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities, this study analyzed microbial (bacteria and fungi) community composition and diversity under different land use patterns (vegetable land, wasteland, woodland, cultivated land) based on 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and high-throughput sequencing method in the Taojia River Basin. Spearman analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to explore the correlation between soil physicochemical properties and soil fungal and bacterial community composition, and a partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) was constructed to express the causal relationship between soil physicochemical properties and soil bacterial and fungal community diversity. The results showed that the soil bacterial species richness was highest in vegetable land and the lowest in the wasteland. Proteobacteria is the dominant phylum (20.69%–32.70%), and Actinobacteria is the dominant class (7.99%–16.95%). The species richness of fungi in woodland was the highest, while was the lowest in cultivated land. The dominant phylum of fungi in vegetable land, woodland, and cultivated land is Mucoromycota, 29.39%, 41.36%, and 22.67%, respectively. Ascomycota (42.16%) is the dominant phylum in wasteland. Sordariomyetes of Ascomycota is the dominant class in wasteland and cultivated land. Mortierellomycetes and Glomeromycetes of Mucoromycota are the dominant class in vegetable land and woodland. The results of the Spearman analysis revealed that the dominant groups in the bacterial and fungal communities had significant correlations with soil pH, clay, and sand (p < 0.01). The RDA results showed that soil clay, pH, and moisture were the key environmental factors affecting the diversity of soil microbial communities. Fungal diversity is more affected by different land use patterns than bacteria. These results provided a theoretical basis for the changes in soil microbial community composition and diversity in river basins.
Different land use practices may improve soil quality or lead to soil deterioration. Recently, environmental problems, such as heavy pollution and soil erosion, have led to serious land degradation in the Taojia River basin. In this study, we explored the soil fertility characteristics (mechanical composition; pH; soil organic matter (SOM); soil total nitrogen (TN); and the activity of four enzymes, i.e., urease, hydrogen peroxide, alkaline phosphatase, and sucrose enzymes) under different types of land use in the Taojia River basin. Soil samples were taken from 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–40 cm depths from four different land use types that were widely used in the Taojia river basin, including cultivated land, vegetable fields, woodlands, and wastelands. The results showed that the soil enzyme activity and the constituents of the soil were closely related and significantly affected each other (p < 0.05). Woodland soil exhibited the highest content of SOM in all soil depths. Soil total nitrogen mainly depended on the accumulation of biomass and the decomposition intensity of organic matter, so the changes in TN followed the trends of the changes in SOM. Woodland soil showed an improved mechanical composition. We were also able to observe an increased clay content in woodland soil. Woodland soil also exhibited the reversal of soil desertification and an increase in nutrient/water retention capacity. Therefore, an increase in woodland areas would be an appropriate goal in terms of land use in order to improve the eco-environmental quality of the Taojia River basin.
Forests undergo a long-term development process from young to mature stages, yet the variations in soil nutrients, enzyme activities, microbial diversity, and community composition related to forest ages are still unclear. In this study, the characteristics of soil bacterial and fungal communities with their corresponding soil environmental factors in the young, middle, and mature stages (7, 15, and 25-year-old) of Chinese fir plantations (CFP) in the subtropical region of China were investigated in 2021. Results showed that the alpha diversity indices (Chao1 and Shannon) of soil bacteria and fungi were higher in 15 and 25-year-old stands than in 7-year-old stand of CFP, while the soil pH, soil water content, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, sucrase, urease, acid phosphatase, catalase, and microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus showed higher in 7-year-old stand than other two stands of CFP. The nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that the soil microbial species composition was significantly different in three stand ages of CFP. The redundancy and canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the soil urease and microbial biomass nitrogen were the main factors affecting soil bacterial and fungal species composition. Our findings suggested that soil microbial diversity and community structure were inconsistent with changes in soil nutrients and enzyme activities during CFP development, and enhancing stand nurturing and soil nutrient accumulation in the mid-development stage were beneficial to the sustainable management of CFP.
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