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Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (G. pyloalis) causes significant damage to mulberry every year, and we currently lack effective and environmentally friendly ways to control the pest. Chitin synthase (CHS) is a critical regulatory enzyme related to chitin biosynthesis, which plays a vital role in the growth and development of insects. The function of CHS in G. pyloalis, however, has not been studied. In this study, two chitin synthase genes (GpCHSA and GpCHSB) were screened from our previously created transcriptome database. The complete coding sequences of the two genes are 5,955 bp and 5,896 bp, respectively. Expression of GpCHSA and GpCHSB could be detected throughout all developmental stages. Relatively high expression levels of GpCHSA occurred in the head and integument and GpCHSB was most highly expressed in the midgut. Moreover, silencing of GpCHSA and GpCHSB using dsRNA reduced expression of downstream chitin metabolism pathway genes and resulted in abnormal development and wings stretching, but did not affect normal pupating of larvae. Furthermore, the inhibitor of chitin synthesis diflubenzuron (DFB) was used to further validate the RNAi result. DFB treatment significantly improved expression of GpCHSA, except GpCHSB, and their downstream genes, and also effected G. Pyloali molting at 48 h (62% mortality rate) and 72 h (90% mortality rate), respectively. These results show that GpCHSA and GpCHSB play critical roles in the development and wing stretching in G. pyloalis adults, indicating that the genes are attractive potential pest control targets.

The desilked silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) pupae oil is a good source of a-linolenic acid (ALA), but selectively enriching ALA is a great technical challenge due to the presence of multiple analogues such as linoleic acid and oleic acid. To set up a simple, highly selective and low-cost combinative inclusion process for obtaining ALA concentrate from silkworm pupae oil, the effects of b-cyclodextrin (b-CD) inclusion parameters on the purity and recovery of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) were investigated; then, four types of combinative processes using b-CD and/or urea were compared. The results indicated that a two-stage combinative inclusion process was established. In the first stage, when the volume ratio of b-CD-saturated solution to free fatty acids ethanol solution was 9 v/v, the dispersion temperature and time were 608C and 1.5 h, the freezing temperature and time were À108C and 15 h, and the purity of ALA was raised from 15.0 to 47.6% with a recovery of 39.4%. Then, the purity of ALA was further increased to 67.4% in the secondstage operation with a corresponding recovery of 34.8% using urea complexation. Abbreviations: b-CD, b-cyclodextrin; ALA, a-linolenic acid; CICC, combinative inclusion of b-CD and b-CD; CICU, combinative inclusion of b-CD and urea; CIUC, combinative inclusion of urea and b-CD; CIUU, combinative inclusion of urea and urea; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; FFA, free fatty acids; LA, linoleic acid; LCPUFA, long chain PUFA; OA, oleic acid; PA, palmitic acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SA, stearic acid Eur.

Developing a novel agent and understanding an interaction model between multipolymer nanoparticles and bacteria could be worthwhile to induce the protection of crops with the prevalence of frequent hazards because of the use of chemical pesticides.