These results indicate that clinical characteristics of HFmrEF are intermediate between HFpEF and HFrEF and that HFmrEF dynamically transitions to HFpEF or HFrEF, especially within 1 year, suggesting that HFmrEF represents a transitional status or an overlap zone between HFpEF and HFrEF, rather than an independent entity of HF.

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Aims It is still controversial whether elevated baseline heart rate (HR) is associated with higher mortality in patients with heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We compared the impacts of baseline HR on mortality in patients with HFpEF and those with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods and results We enrolled consecutive 2688 patients in Stage C or D HF with sinus rhythm from our Chronic Heart Failure Analysis and Registry in the Tohoku District 2 (CHART‐2) Study (n = 10 219). The prognostic impact of HR increase was compared between the two groups, defined as left ventricular ejection fraction of < 50% (HFrEF) and > 50% (HFpEF). Cox regression analysis revealed that elevated baseline HR was associated with increased all‐cause mortality in both groups [hazard ratio for the highest tertile (HH) 1.77 in HFrEF, P = 0.008; HH1.82 in HFpEF, P = 0.001]. However, as for mode of death, elevated HR was associated with cardiovascular (CV) death in HFpEF (HH 2.17, P = 0.012), but the association was modest in HFrEF (HH1.49, P = 0.14): in particular, impact on HF death was different between HFpEF (HH 3.79, P = 0.020) and HFrEF (HH 1.07, P = 0.864). In contrast, the prognostic impact of baseline HR on non‐CV death was noted only in patients with HFrEF. β‐Blocker therapy was associated with reduced HF mortality in HFrEF (hazard ratio 0.49, P = 0.038) but not in HFpEF (hazard ratio 0.64, P = 0.321). Conclusions Elevated HR was associated with increased CV death in HFpEF compared with HFrEF, although its impact on all‐cause mortality was comparable between the two groups.