Workers exposed to DMF with higher urine AMCC levels were more likely to develop liver diseases. In addition, SBA and HA have the potential to act as early indicators of toxic hepatic fibrosis activities for occupational health surveillance.
Objective We aimed to detect the synergistic effect between alcohol drinking, smoking and obesity on incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a Chinese population- based cohort. Methods We performed this study based on a prospective cohort based on a Chinese population in Jiangsu, China. Logistic regression was employed to detect the interaction of smoking, drinking with obesity on susceptibility to CVD, and calculate the odds ratio (OR) of CVD and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Results A total of 3598 subjects (1451 males and 2147 females) were enrolled, including 82 CVD patients (36 males and 46 females) who new developed CVD at the follow-up. We found a significant abdominal obesity–current smoking interaction on CVD risk. Compared to never-smokers with normal waist circumference, OR (95% CI) of CVD were 2.44 (1.56–3.81), 1.58 (0.93–2.69), and 5.37 (3.08–9.34) for smokers with normal waist circumference, abdominal obese nonsmokers and abdominal obese smokers, respectively. Synergy index for this interaction was 2.35 (1.05–4.50). We also found a significant abdominal obesity–alcohol drinking interaction on CVD. Compared to never-drinkers with normal waist circumference, OR (95% CI) of CVD were 1.57 (1.01–2.45), 1.84 (1.08–3.12), and 4.44 (2.55–7.72) for drinkers with normal waist circumference, abdominal obese non- drinkers and abdominal obese drinkers, respectively. Synergy index for this interaction was 2.44 (1.04–5.72). Conclusion We found significant interactions between alcohol drinking and abdominal obesity, smoking and abdominal obesity on CVD risk, suggested that the effect of alcohol drinking or smoking on CVD susceptibility seems to be modified by abdominal obesity.
A new model liposome made of anionic and cationic surfactants and methyl linoleate was used to investigate the antioxidant activity of vitamins E and C. The spontaneous vesicle formation was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy with a negative‐staining technique. The model liposome was kept in the dark at a temperature of 310K and the progress of the methyl linoleate oxidation was evaluated by measurement of conjugated dienes hydroperoxides and malondialdehydes. The results indicate that vitamins E and C could inhibit the lipid oxidation as a chain‐breaking antioxidant, respectively. Further, the combination of vitamins E and C causes an antioxidant synergistic effect in the model system. It is shown that the model liposome can be suitable for simulating biomembranes as a convenient and useful alternative model system. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Phospholipid vesicles, which are produced from the aqueous dispersion of single‐component phospholipids, when formed in vitro are usual models of biomembranes for investigation of the antioxidant activities in biological systems. However, such lipid vesicles are not the equilibrium aggregation state and can be considered as metastable structures of high kinetic stability but thermodynamically nonstable. The present study shows that the lipid vesicles formed in an aqueous mixture of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, sodium dodecyl sulfonate and methyl linoleate by using sonication could be used as appropriate models for in vitro mimicking the behavior of biological membranes and those oxidation processes occurring within them. This model liposome is a stable and convenient alternative model system. Furthermore, the comparison of the antioxidant effects of vitamins E and C in this study may be helpful to understand the mechanism of antioxidant action in biological system.
Our results support an important association of rs744166 and rs4796793 with decreased CD risk, and additional interaction between rs744166 and smoking.
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