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In this paper, experiments of crude oil demulsification using ultrasound, chemical demulsifier, and the combined method of ultrasound and chemical demulsifier, respectively, at different temperatures (40°C, 60°C, and 70°C) are carried out. The photos of water droplet distribution in crude oil, taken with microscopic imaging system, before and after demulsification using the above methods at 70°C are given. Research results show that the combined method of ultrasound and chemical demulsifier has the best demulsification effect, followed by chemical demulsifier. Ultrasound without using chemical demulsifier has the least demulsification effect. Furthermore, the impact of ultrasonic power, treatment time, and temperature on crude oil demulsification using the combined method of ultrasound and chemical demulsifier is studied. Results indicate that the final dehydration rate increases with the increase of temperatures and ultrasonic power and almost does not change with the increase of ultrasonic treatment time. These important conclusions will provide the foundation for an extensive application of the combined method of ultrasound and chemical demulsifier.

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Abstract. Since June 2007, the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) Earth radiance data at specific viewing angles have been affected by the row anomaly, which causes large biases in sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) columns retrieved using the band residual difference (BRD) algorithm. To improve global measurements of atmospheric SO 2 from OMI, we developed two correction approaches for the row anomaly effects in the northern latitudes and along the full orbit. Firstly the residual correction approach with median residual from a sliding 10 • latitude range, and with that near the Equator was used to remove the anomalous high SO 2 columns in the northern latitudes. Secondly, in the case of the row anomaly along the full orbit, the SO 2 biases caused by the anomalous ozone (O 3 ) column and underestimated Lambertian effective reflectivity (LER) were reduced, respectively, by using unaffected adjacent O 3 column and residual correction with median residual from a sliding 10 • latitude range. Comparisons with the OMI SO 2 columns processed with median residual from a sliding 30 • latitude range have illustrated the drastic improvements of our correction approaches under row anomaly conditions. The consistencies among the SO 2 columns inside and outside the row anomaly areas have also demonstrated the effectiveness of our correction approaches under row anomaly conditions. The analyses of the underestimation and the errors caused by the O 3 column and LER were conducted to understand the limitations of our correction approaches. The proposed approaches for the row anomaly effects can extend the valid range of OMI SO 2 Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) data produced using the BRD algorithm.