This review has explored the factors contributing to the growing demand for ED care, the influence these factors have on ED demand, and their interrelationships depicted in the conceptual model.

Patients who choose to attend public EDs appear to value financial concern over waiting time; those who choose to attend private EDs appear to value waiting time ahead of financial concerns.

This study is the first public description of patients attending private EDs in Australia. Private EDs have a significant role to play in acute medical care and in providing access to private hospitals which could alleviate pressure on public EDs. This study demonstrates the need for consolidated data based on a consistent data set and data dictionary to enable system-wide analysis, benchmarking and evaluation.

BACKGROUND:Despite the fact that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been developed and used to treat acute and urgent illness for many thousands of years. TCM has been widely perceived in western societies that TCM may only be effective to treat chronic diseases. The aim of this article is to provide some scientific evidence regarding the application of TCM in emergency medicine and its future potential.METHODS:Multiple databases (PubMed, ProQuest, Academic Search Elite and Science Direct) were searched using the terms: Traditional Chinese Medicine/ Chinese Medicine, Emergency Medicine, China. In addition, three leading TCM Journals in China were searched via Oriprobe Information Services for relevant articles (published from 1990—2012). Particular attention was paid to those articles that are related to TCM treatments or combined medicine in dealing with intensive and critical care.RESULTS:TCM is a systematic traditional macro medicine. The clinical practice of TCM is guided by the TCM theoretical framework – a methodology founded thousands of years ago. As the methodologies between TCM and Biomedicine are significantly different, it provides an opportunity to combine two medicines, in order to achieve clinical efficacy. Nowadays, combined medicine has become a common clinical model particular in TCM hospitals in China.CONCLUSIONS:It is evident that TCM can provide some assistance in emergency although to combine them in practice is still its infant form and is mainly at TCM hospitals in China. The future effort could be put into TCM research, both in laboratories and clinics, with high quality designs, so that TCM could be better understood and then applied in emergency medicine.

BACKGROUND: Despite the fact that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been developed and used to treat acute and urgent illness for many thousands of years. TCM has been widely perceived in western societies that TCM may only be effective to treat chronic diseases. The aim of this article is to provide some scientifi c evidence regarding the application of TCM in emergency medicine and its future potential.METHODS: Multiple databases (PubMed, ProQuest, Academic Search Elite and Science Direct) were searched using the terms: Traditional Chinese Medicine/ Chinese Medicine, Emergency Medicine, China. In addition, three leading TCM Journals in China were searched via Oriprobe Information Services for relevant articles (published from 1990-2012). Particular attention was paid to those articles that are related to TCM treatments or combined medicine in dealing with intensive and critical care.RESULTS: TCM is a systematic traditional macro medicine. The clinical practice of TCM is guided by the TCM theoretical framework -a methodology founded thousands of years ago. As the methodologies between TCM and Biomedicine are signifi cantly different, it provides an opportunity to combine two medicines, in order to achieve clinical effi cacy. Nowadays, combined medicine has become a common clinical model particular in TCM hospitals in China. CONCLUSIONS:It is evident that TCM can provide some assistance in emergency although to combine them in practice is still its infant form and is mainly at TCM hospitals in China. The future effort could be put into TCM research, both in laboratories and clinics, with high quality designs, so that TCM could be better understood and then applied in emergency medicine.

No abstract

Longer waiting times in public EDs is the principal issue considered by patients choosing private EDs and the out-of-pocket payment for accessing private EDs is the principal issue considered by public ED patients. The study suggests that addressing the out-of-pocket payments will attract more patients with private health insurance to access private EDs.

In this study, the effects of scalp acupuncture on the number of apoptotic cells and apoptotic indexes were deterrmined in rats with intrauterine hypoxic-ischemic brain damage(HIBD), and the inhibitory mechanism of mitochondrial pathway, mediated apoptosis in the repair of brain ischemia and hypoxia was examined. A clip was applied to the uterine artery for 5 min before a cesarean section was performed in a rat model. The rats were divided into normal group (n = 24), model group (n = 24), and acupuncture group (n = 24). Rats in the acupuncture group were treated with continuous acupuncture on the head beginning on the 28th day after birth. Rats were sacrificed at days 35, 42 and 49, and samples were analyzed by TUNEL staining of cells obtained from the cerebral cortex. The number of apoptotic cells in each group (n = 8) was determined and compared. An immunohistochemical assay of cerebral cortex cells was performed to examine BrdU and Nestin expression. Compared with the normal group, the number of apoptotic cells in the model group was significantly higher and increased over time, (P < 0.05). BrdU expression was higher in the acupuncture group than in the model group, and the number of apoptotic cells was significantly lower in the acupuncture group than the model group, and decrease over time. BrdU expression decreased, while Nestin expression significantly increased. Acupuncture can reduce the number of apoptotic cells in the cerebral cortex. The expression of BrdU and Nestin inhibited the apoptosis of neural stem cells, promoting the repair of injured neurons via neural stem cells.