An accurate estimate for orangutan nest decay time is a crucial factor in commonly used methods for estimating orangutan population size. Decay rates are known to vary, but the decay process and, thus, the temporal and spatial variation in decay time are poorly understood. We used established line-transect methodology to survey orangutan nests in a lowland forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, and monitored the decay of 663 nests over 20 months. Using Markov chain analysis we calculated a decay time of 602 days, which is significantly longer than times found in other studies. Based on this, we recalculated the orangutan density estimate for a site in East Kalimantan; the resulting density is much lower than previous estimates (previous estimates were 3-8 times higher than our recalculated density). Our data suggest that short-term studies where decay times are determined using matrix mathematics may produce unreliable decay times. Our findings have implications for other parts of the orangutan range where population estimates are based on potentially unreliable nest decay rate estimates, and we recommend that for various parts of the orangutan range census estimates be reexamined. Considering the high variation in decay rates there is a need to move away from using single-number decay time estimates and, preferably, to test methods that do not rely on nest decay times as alternatives for rapid assessments of orangutan habitat for conservation in Borneo.
The purpose of this research was to study the post-harvest analysis of local aromatic rice variety of AnakDaro, CicihMerah, and Mandoti covering the volatile component, physical and milling quality, and the physicochemical properties of rice. The research materials were obtained from local farmer in West Sumatera, South Sulawesi, and Bali. The analysis was conducted at the Rice Quality Laboratory at Indonesian Center for Rice Research (ICRR), Sukamandi, West Java. The results indicated that AnakDaro was extracted with Likens- Nickerson had a 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline amount (13.79 ppb) higher than that of Mandoti and CicihMerah. The extraction technique with Likens Nickerson has the best recovery compared to SPME (Solid Phase Microextraction) and maceration. In general there are differences in physical quality of grain and rice, milled quality and rice protein content of AnakDaro, Mandoti and CicihMerah. AnakDaro had high amylose content and hard cooked rice texture in cold conditions. CicihMerah had high amylose content with soft cooked rice texture in cold conditions. Mandoti had a very low amylose content with a very soft cooked rice texture in cold conditions. The characteristic of gelatinization temperature of Anak Daro and CicihMerah were high (> 74°C) while Mandoti was moderate (70-74°C).
The objectives of this research was to study the physical quality of grain and rice, milling quality, and its physicochemical properties of several local glutinous rice. The research materials were obtained from local farmer in West Java. The analysis was conducted at the Rice Quality Laboratory at Indonesian Center for Rice Research (ICRR), Sukamandi, West Java. There are differences in physical quality of grain and rice, milled quality and rice protein content of several local glutinous rice. Based on the Indonesian National Standard quality of paddy (1993), the empty grain of the four types of local glutinous rice did not meet the quality of III (maximum 3%). Based on the components of immature+chalky grain quality, the four types of glutinous rice locally meet the quality of I (maximum 1%). The rice length and the shape of the five types of glutinous rice consecutively are medium (5.51 - 6.60 mm) and medium (2.1 - 3.0). The yield of brown rice of four types of glutinous rice ranged from 76.73% (Ketan Pulut) to 79.91% (Ketan Nangka). The rice yield of four types of glutinous rice ranged from 64.57% (Ketan Pecut) to 69.63% (Ketan Bilatung). The range of five sticky rice varieties ranged from 6.41 to 9.63%, which include very low amylose classification (2-19%). The gel consistency and gelatinizing temperature of five glutinous rice are soft and low consecutively.
Mitragynine is one of the most dominant indole alkaloids present in the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa, a species of Rubiaceae. This alkaloid is believed to be synthesized via condensation of the amino acid derivative, tryptamine and secologanine by the action of strictosidine synthase (STR). The cDNA clone encoding STR from M. speciosa was cloned through reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and denoted as StrMs1. The clone is a full-length cDNA with a size of 1257 bp, which contains an open reading frame of 1056 bp starting from base pair 18 to 1076. Sequence analysis showed that StrMs1 has high homology with other STRs of TIA-producing plants. Nucleotide sequence of StrMs1 was deposited in GenBank with accession number ADK91432. The deduced amino acid sequence has 352 residues with a predicted molecular weight of 39 kDa and isoelectric point at pH 5.78. Southern blot performed showed that there is only one copy of StrMs1 present in the genome of M. speciosa. Expression pattern on different tissues tested using RT-PCR revealed that besides leaf, the expression was also detected in root, stem and flower. Expression profiles under plant defense signal using salicylic acid (SA) was investigated on leaf tissues and the results showed that the transcript of StrMs1 were detected before and after treatment with salicylic acid. Result obtained from phylogenetic analysis suggested that StrMs1 is the most evolved protein among other STRs. However, the 3-D prediction of StrMs1 showed that there are alpha helices and beta propeller structures, which remain conserved with other STRs.
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