Combined biological and Physicochemical treatment method was used to treat vinasse using microorganisms (Aspergillus niger (fungi) and Bacillus subtilis (bacteria)), coagulants (aluminium sulphate (Al2(SO4)3) and iron III chlorides (FeCl3)) and followed by filtration. Three factors; coagulant type, type of microorganism and coagulant concentration was analysed using full factorial design (2 n ) with replication, on their percentage removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and turbidity. Pareto chart and regression analysis with a 95% confidence interval (5% significant level) were used to analyse the results using MINITAB 22 (current version). Initially, the vinasse had (COD), (BOD), (TSS), and turbidity of 10240 mg/ℓ, 5340 mg/ℓ, 400 mg/ℓ, and 1980 NTU, respectively, and a pH of 5.68. COD, BOD, TSS, and turbidity were reduced by 99.5%, 99.7%, 99.7%, and 93.7%, respectively, after the treatment, while pH was raised to 7.5, which is neutral. Using Bacillus subtilis and aluminium sulphate, the combined biological and physicochemical process produced good results for the treatment of vinasse.
Violent extremist ideologies has become a global threat. Kenya has attempted to minimize youth radicalization following a number of terror attacks but it has yielded no fruits. Despite many youths having been arrested, prosecuted or even eliminated, youth radicalization seems to be on the rise which points to the fact that the very criminal justice system contributes to youth radicalization. Anchored on the social identity theory, the criminal justice theory and the psychoanalysis theory, the study evaluated the challenges and opportunities of the Criminal Justice system in relation to youth radicalization in the two Counties. A descriptive survey design was adopted. The target population was 320. Stratified simple random sampling was used to select respondents. A sample size of 96 was derived representing 30% of the target population. Both primary and secondary data were used. Validity and reliability of data was tested using Cronbach"s alpha. Data was analyzed and presented using descriptive statistics; percentages, frequencies, means and standard deviations.The study found that radicalized youths cause a big challenge to the criminal justice system. The courts systems are ill-prepared to handle radicalization cases and, in most cases, justice is not served as required. The study recommends that the statutory provisions in place should be utilized to arrest and prosecute the suspects with a well-trained judiciary staff on matters of radicalization. The prisons to be used to reform the radicalized youth through de-radicalization.
This research analyses the blasphemy the authors of Djawi Hisworo, Swara Oemoem and Madjalah Bangoen have done by observing the social history of Islam. Emile Durkheim's concept of mechanic solidarity is used to describe the blasphemy based on the spirit of religion. Where, the religion (Islam) has become a bond between followers, even though it has different traditions and habits. The social psychology approach to describes organizations or elites advises on have succeeded in mobilizing people to protest against religious politicians. Blasphemy, both past and today, makes people united under the issues of religion. The difference is that in the past, the “blasphemy voice” is more congregation, while today, blasphemy is more politically-pragmatic in the interests of electoral politics. The solidarity which was formed from blasphemy of religion later becomes the congregation (Islam), whereas today, it forms solidarity based on political sectarian.Keyword: Newspapers, Blasphemy, Solidarity, Religion-Political RelationsPenelitian ini mengkaji penistaan agama yang dilakukan oleh penulis Djawi Hisworo, Swara Oemoem dan Madjalah Bangoen dengan pendekatan sejarah sosial umat Islam. Teori solidaritas mekanik Emile Durkheim digunakan untuk menganalisis protes atas penistaan berbasis semangat agama. Di mana, agama (Islam) telah menjadi unsur pengikat antara pengikutnya, walau pun memiliki tradisi dan kebiasaan yang berbeda-beda. Pendekatan psikologi sosial untuk melihat organisasi atau elit yang menggerakkan umat menyuarakan protes terhadap penista agama. Penistaan agama, baik masa lalu atau masa kini sama-sama membuat umat bersatu di bawah isu agama. Perbedaannya, di masa lalu, “suara penistaan agama” lebih bersifat keummatan, sementara hari ini, penistaan agama lebih bernuansa politis-pragmatis demi kepentingan politik elektoral. Solidaritas yang terbentuk dari penistaan agama di masa lalu bersifat keummatan (Islam), sedangkan hari ini, berupa solidaritas berbasis politik sektarian. Kata Kunci: Surat Kabar, Penistaan Agama, Solidaritas, Relasi Agama-Politik
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