In this work, an alternative route to fabricating high-quality CH3NH3PbI3 thin films is proposed. Single-source physical vapour deposition (SSPVD) without a post-heat-treating process was used to prepare CH3NH3PbI3 thin films at room temperature. This new process enabled complete surface coverage and moisture stability in a non-vacuum solution. Moreover, the challenges of simultaneously controlling evaporation processes of the organic and inorganic sources via dual-source vapour evaporation and the heating process required to obtain high crystallization were avoided. Excellent composition with stoichiometry transferred from the powder material, a high level of tetragonal phase-purity, full surface coverage, well-defined grain structure, high crystallization and reproducibility were obtained. A PCE of approximately 10.90% was obtained with a device based on SSPVD CH3NH3PbI3. These initial results suggest that SSPVD is a promising method to significantly optimize perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 solar cell efficiency.
Epoxy ternary systems were prepared from the diglycidylether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA), epoxidized castor oil (ECO), and nano-CaCO 3 using a thermally latent initiator. The effects of ECO and the nano-CaCO 3 contents on the thermal stability and mechanical interfacial properties of the prepared DGEBA/ECO/nano-CaCO 3 ternary systems were examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Izod impact tests, and mechanical tests. The morphology of the ternary systems was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The statistic heat-resistant index temperature (T s ) of the ternary systems was approximately constant up to 30 wt% ECO, and thereafter decreased with increasing ECO content. The impact strength of the ternary systems was improved by the addition of ECO and nano-CaCO 3 . The flexural strength of the ternary systems exhibited a maximum value at 20 wt% ECO. SEM showed that shear deformation occurred, which prevented the propagation of cracks in the DGEBA/ECO/nano-CaCO 3 ternary systems.
BACKGROUND: The natural gamma-decalactone (GDL) produced via microbial biotransformation is one of remarkable lactone compound applied in the field of foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Whereas, emulsification generated during the biotransformation brings difficulties to the separation of GDL and reduces the efficiency of industrial production. In order to improve the yield of GDL, the mechanism of the interaction between the formed emulsification and yeast cells was investigated.
RESULTS:The relationships of substrate ricinoleic acid (RA) droplet size, concentration, GDL concentration, and the productivity of yeast were investigated. During the biotransformation, a kind of biosurfactant was identified. The result showed that the structure of biosurfactant was mainly three lipopeptide analogues with cyclic structure. Most RA droplet size fluctuated from 2000 nm to the range of 400-4500 nm when GDL generation rate was higher at 24-36 h. In addition, GDL generation rate could be advanced by 12-24 h with droplet size of RA at about 3000 nm. The local high concentration of GDL solubilized in RA caused a great toxicity on cells after 36 h.CONCLUSION: This study provides a remarkable theoretical guidance for the industrial biotransformation of GDL. Controlling the droplet size of RA and reducing the concentration of GDL when the emulsification generated are very significant. Finding a better extractant which is more soluble to GDL than RA and developing an In Situ Product Removal (ISPR) of GDL system is essential to improve the GDL productivity.
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