Abstract. The article is devoted to the possibilities of innovative research methods in forensic medicine-scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersion analysis. The described methods were used in conducting experimental studies in the case of a gunshot retrograde injury. Aim. The purpose of the work was to study the particles formed during the destruction of a semi-shell shell and an obstacle (triplex car glass) when fired from a hunting Saiga carbine with 5. 45x39 cartridges. Material and methods. Car triplex windshields from BMW and Mercedes-Benz cars were used as a barrier. The shots were fired from a hunting Saiga carbine with a 5.45x39 cartridge. The shots were fired from a distance of 10 m. As targets, white calico with dimensions of 100x150 cm was used, stretched on a wooden frame, or fixed on a chipboard. The distance between the target and the barrier was 100 cm, which roughly corresponded to the distance from the windshield of the car to the driver and the passenger in the front seat. The studies were carried out using the SEM "Hitachi FlexSem1000 II" and the energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer "Bruker Quantax 80". Results. As a result of the conducted research with the help of microscopy, the presence of 7 types of foreign bodies on the surface of the target was established, which are the products of the destruction of the fire projectile and the barrier: glass fragments; glass fragments; crumbly deposition of glass particles; glass fragments caked with the metal of the projectile; fragments of the projectile; spherical metal particles; overlays of molten metal in the form of puddles. With the help of energy dispersion analysis, it was possible to determine the elemental composition of the particles of the barrier, the fire shell, and to identify the overlap of the target particles. Conclusion. As a result of the experimental study, it was found that the use of SEM and EDS analysis significantly increases the effectiveness and evidence-based expert research in solving the problems of causing damage through the barrier-the windscreen of modern cars. Key words: scanning electron microscopy, gunshot trauma, energy dispersion analysis, fragments of the barrier.
The present article provides an overview of the main methods of three-dimensional modelling currently used in various fields of science and practice, including forensic medicine. The possibilities of used methods are described.The authors introduce the concept of BIM-technology, which allows various methods working in 3D to be applied comprehensively: from photogrammetry and computed tomography to line-of-sight and CAD modelling. The article presents a case involving practical application of BIM-technology within the practical work of a forensic expert. The possibilities of supplementing and expanding the model over time within a single information field (4D modelling) are shown.Using the example of a specific examination, it is shown for which studies the created BIM-model can be employed, as well as what issues can be solved with its help. To that end, CT data was studied with the subsequent reconstruction of the 3D model of the damaged skull; blood traces were analysed with the subsequent 3D modelling of circumstances at the scene. The following methods were used for the reconstruction: photogrammetry, the finite element method and line-of-sight modelling of gunshot trajectories.Applied within a situational forensic medical examination, BIM-technologies successfully provided answers to the investigator’s questions: mechanism underlying the formation of blood traces; location of the bleeding source; trajectories of projectiles and their elements; circumstances of the occurrence; position of the shooter; prediction of glass breakage caused by a bullet.Conclusion. New computer technologies (BIM-technology and 4D modelling) constitute the next step in the development of three-dimensional modelling. Their introduction into the practice of experts will help create a single information field for all objects under study, as well as consider all possible investigative leads as objectively as possible
Background. Currently, such modern research methods as computer and magnetic resonance imaging (hereinafter CT and MRI) have been introduced into the medical and diagnostic practice of large hospitals. These research methods are used almost everywhere for the diagnosis of various types of injuries, and their results, together with the medical documents of the victims, law enforcement officials and courts provide to state forensic medical expert institutions for the production of forensic medical examinations. The study of CT and MRI results allows solving expert questions in cases of examinations and studies of living persons. Case presentation. The article presents a case from expert practice demonstrating the possibility of establishing the morphology and localization of stab-cut injuries, the number of traumatic effects and the direction of wound channels using the results of in vivo CT and using three-dimensional modeling. In the described expert case, initially in the submitted medical documents there were contradictory information about the number, localization and mechanism of formation of wounds inflicted on the victim. To eliminate the existing contradictions, the scars on the victim's body were examined, as well as the results of a CT scan performed on the victim in a medical institution upon admission. For a more complete visualization of external injuries, a three-dimensional model of the victim's body was recreated from CT data. As a result of the conducted research using the results of CT and three-dimensional modeling, it was possible to clearly recreate the picture of the injuries that the victim had and answer questions about the mechanism and conditions of their infliction. Conclusion. The described case demonstrates the possibilities of expert research and new methodological approaches to solving forensic problems, which is currently quite relevant, since virtopsia has been actively developing in forensic medicine in recent years. The research techniques described in the article may well be applied to a corpse with stab wounds, which will probably make it possible to more accurately visualize the direction and shape of the wound canal.
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