C‐di‐GMP signaling can directly influence bacterial behavior by affecting the functionality of c‐di‐GMP‐binding proteins. In addition, c‐di‐GMP can exert a global effect on gene transcription or translation, for example, via riboswitches or by binding to transcription factors. In this study, we investigated the effects of changes in intracellular c‐di‐GMP levels on gene expression and protein production in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We induced c‐di‐GMP production via an ectopically introduced diguanylate cyclase and recorded the transcriptional, translational as well as proteomic profile of the cells. We demonstrate that rising levels of c‐di‐GMP under growth conditions otherwise characterized by low c‐di‐GMP levels caused a switch to a non‐motile, auto‐aggregative P. aeruginosa phenotype. This phenotypic switch became apparent before any c‐di‐GMP‐dependent role on transcription, translation, or protein abundance was observed. Our results suggest that rising global c‐di‐GMP pools first affects the motility phenotype of P. aeruginosa by altering protein functionality and only then global gene transcription.
This paper is about nilpotent orbits of reductive groups over local non-Archimedean fields. In this paper we will try to identify for which groups there are only finitely many nilpotent orbits, for which groups the nilpotent orbits are separable and for which groups Howe's conjecture holds. For general reductive groups we get some partial results. For split reductive groups we get a classification in terms of the root data and the characteristic of the underlying local field.
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