This project demonstrated that under almost ideal conditions (good hygiene, maintenance of universally high IPV coverage, and corresponding high immunity against polioviruses), no emergence and circulation of VDPV could be detected in a tropical developing country setting.

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The history of smallpox outbreaks had spawned new era in preventing infectious diseases. In the 19 th century, the terms vaccine and vaccination were introduced. Steadily, vaccination became increasingly popular due to its ability to eradicate smallpox and control other infectious diseases. However, the development of vaccines does not always get positive responses. In the midst of society, vocal antivaccination movement was born, voicing dangers of vaccination. Doctors as front-liners in the field of health as well as responsibility bearers of patients play important role to educate patients while avoid involvement with antivaccination propaganda.Kampanye Anti-Vaksin oleh Seorang Dokter, Apakah Melanggar Etik?Abstrak Sejarah terjadinya wabah cacar telah melahirkan era baru dalam upaya pencegahan penyakit infeksi. Pada abad ke-19 mulai diperkenalkan terminologi vaksin dan vaksinasi. Lambat laun, vaksinasi kian populer karena mampu mengeradikasi penyakit cacar dan mampu mengontrol penyakit infeksi lainnya. Namun, perkembangan vaksin tidak serta merta mendapat tanggapan positif. Di tengah masyarakat lahirlah gerakan antivaksinasi yang vokal menyuarakan bahaya dari vaksinasi. Dokter sebagai garda terdepan di bidang kesehatan sekaligus penanggung jawab pasien memegang peran penting untuk mencerdaskan dan tidak terlibat dalam pusaran propaganda antivaksinasi.Vaksin secara biologi merupakan suatu bibit penyakit (virus) yang dilemahkan untuk kemudian menghasilkan kekebalan aktif saat dimasukkan ke dalam tubuh manusia. Vaksin dengan segala kemampuannya untuk mencegah morbiditas dan mortalitas terhadap penyakit infeksi merupakan pencapaian terbesar di bidang kesehatan masyarakat. Perkembangan vaksin tidak serta merta mulus begitu saja. Di saat vaksin semakin populer, maka lahirlah komunitas dan pemahaman yang menolaknya, yaitu kaum antivaksin. Di internet, gerakan antivaksinasi/ imunisasi dalam bentuk apapun cukup mendapat banyak perhatian.3 Banyak peneliti menilai bahwa gerakan baru ini muncul saat vaksinasi cacar mulai diperkenalkan dan terus berlanjut hingga saat ini.3 Metode penyebaran informasinya sudah berubah sejak abad ke-19, namun isu-isu yang disebarkan oleh komunitas antivaksinasi masih mirip hingga sekarang. 3Bila ditelusuri, jumlah situs internet yang membahas antivaksinasi akan jauh lebih banyak daripada situs yang mempromosikan vaksinasi. Kebanyakan kontennya pun mirip, disalin-ulang dari satu situs ke situs lainnya.4 Artikel-artikel itu ditulis seakan-akan memang berdasarkan bukti (evidence based medicine) karena menampilkan nama-nama pakar dengan data dan angka yang sangat meyakinkan. 4 Seiring berjalannya waktu, gerakan antivaksin tidak hanya ramai di internet, tapi hingga diadakannya seminar-seminar di PENDAHULUAN 1

Background The PCV13 immunization demonstration program began in October 2017 in Indonesia. The aim of this study is to assess the dynamic changes of pneumococcal serotype before and after PCV13 administration, with two primary and one booster doses. Methods The prospective cohort study was conducted as a follow up study measuring the impact of PCV13 demonstration program by the Indonesian Ministry of Health in Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, from March 2018 to June 2019. The subjects were two-month-old healthy infants who were brought to the primary care facility for routine vaccination and followed until 18 months of age. We use convenience sampling method. There were 115 infants in the control group and 118 infants in the vaccine group, and the PCV immunization was given on a 2+1 schedule. Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs were collected four times during the vaccination periods by trained medical staff. Specimens were analyzed by culture methods to detect S. pneumonia colonization and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) to determine serotype. The most frequently detected serotypes will be named as dominant serotypes. Descriptive analysis of demographic characteristics, the prevalence of overall and serotype colonization, and the distribution of serotypes were performed. The prevalence of both cohort groups were compared using chi-square test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Two hundred and thirty three infants age two months old were recruited, with 48.9% of the subjects were male and 51.1% of the subjects were female. Sociodemographic data in both cohort groups were relatively equal. Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization before PCV13 administration occurred in 19.1% of the control and 22.9% of the vaccine group. The prevalence increased with increasing age in both groups. The prevalence of VT serotypes in control groups aged 2 months, 4 months, 12 months, and 18 months was 40.9%, 44.2%, 53.8%, and 54.3%, respectively, and in the vaccine group, 25.9%, 40.4%, 38.0%, and 22.6%, respectively. The most common VT serotypes in both groups were 6A/6B, 19F, 23F, and 14. The prevalence of VT serotypes decreased significantly compared to non-vaccine type serotypes after three doses of the PCV13 vaccine (p < 0.001). Another notable change was the decline in prevalence of serotype 6A/6B after PCV13 administration using the 2+1 schedule. Conclusions This study shows lower prevalence of VT and 6A/6B serotypes in the nasopharynx among children who were PCV13 vaccinated compared with those who were unvaccinated. The result from this study will be the beginning of future vaccine evaluation in larger population and longer period of study.