In the rhizosphere, as the zone of biological activity, diversity of microorganisms can be found like bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. They are characterized for controlling pathogens like Phytophthora cinnamomi, also to be promoters of growth. For this reason, in the present study, bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas were isolated from the avocado rhizosphere of the provinces of Casma, Huaral, and Lima. A total of six strains (R2, R5, R7, R10, S10 and S6) were selected for evaluating their biocontrol capacity against P. cinnamomi under in vitro and greenhouse conditions. In the in vitro test, strains S6 and S10 controlled 30.3 and 44 %, respectively. Under greenhouse conditions, Pseudomonas strains were inoculated on 4-month-old avocado cv. "Zutano" plants. Five months later, we evaluated the following variables: severity in roots, height increase, fresh root and leaf weight, and percentage of root and leaf dry matter. In greenhouse, the best strains in the control of P. cinnamomi were S6, R2, R7 and R10, controlling 55.2, 39.5, 33.7 and 31.0 %, respectively. In the increase of height, the strains S6, R2, R7 and R10 reached 11.4, 9.3, 7.6 and 5.1 cm, respectively. The percentage of dry matter of roots, strains S10, R10 and R7 obtained 29.6, 27.5 and 27.9 %, respectively. In this study, it was observed that although the application of Pseudomonas controls P. cinnamomi, it also induces the root and apical growth of avocado.
In Peru, Caulerpa filiformis is a marine algae listed as an invasive species. For years, its distribution has been considered to be in the north coast (Isla Lobos de Afuera and Piura) until a recent report of its distribution in the central coast (Ancash, Lima, and Ica). The present investigation aims to determine the main groups of secondary metabolites, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of C. filiformis from Sechura Bay (Piura) and Paracas Bay (Ica). The main chemical groups were determined through phytochemical screening, the content of phenols by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant activity by the ABTS method (2,2-azinobis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]) and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract of C. filiformis from Sechura Bay and Paracas Bay revealed the presence of carbohydrates, polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, lipids, alkaloids, steroids, and triterpenes for both extracts. The total phenol content of the extract of C. filiformis from Sechura Bay (39.31 ± 0.39 mg of AGE/g extract) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that from Paracas Bay (18.78 ± 0.31 mg of AGE/g extract). In the ABTS and DPPH assays, the antioxidant capacity of the Sechura C. filiformis extract (IC50 = 3.49 ± 0.01 and 2.18 ± 0.02 mg/mL) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the Paracas C. filiformis extract (IC50 = 6.41 ± 0.02 and 2.42 ± 0.04 mg /mL). These findings suggest that the methanolic extract of C. filiformis is a source of secondary metabolites with an antioxidant potential.
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