Con el objetivo de clasificar y tipificar las fincas lecheras en Pastaza – Ecuador se usó el Modelo Estadístico de Medición de Impactos (MEMI). Se determinaron tres factores: El “Rebaño y producción” explica el 38.7% de la varianza del sistema, definido por las variables: número de vacas, hembras a la reproducción, vacas en ordeño y producción de leche. En la “Situación edafoclimática” el 27.8% de la varianza y el 66.5% acumulada por el modelo ajustado se relaciona con: la pendiente, área compatible con el pastoreo, cárcavas y profundidad del suelo. Y el “Tamaño de la explotación” expone el 78.7% de la varianza acumulada. El índice de impacto contribuyó para determinar el comportamiento y los principales problemas que influyen en el desarrollo de las fincas. Al 50% de la distancia euclidiana en el dendograma se conforman cuatro grupos: Primero: En 47 fincas de 45 ha ubicadas al 16% de pendiente, con una profundidad del suelo 22 cm. y menor número de cárcavas 32.5 ha-1, el 86.4 % es compatible con el pastoreo, producen 22.3 miles de litros (ML) de leche. Segundo: 26 fincas, ubicadas en zonas con mayor pendiente 47%, con menores áreas en uso ganadero, 12.5 hembras a la reproducción y como consecuencia menor producción de leche 16.8 ML de leche. Poseen la menor profundidad del suelo 15.3 cm y 104.2 cárcavas (ha-1), poseen alto impacto negativo causado por la erosión. Tercero: 9 fincas de 137.3 ha promedio, 101.6 ha utilizan para la ganadería, 57.8% del área es compatible con el pastoreo. Los indicadores reproductivos son superiores y una producción Anual de 45.5 ML. Cuarto: 8 fincas con pendientes de 50.6%, 47.5% compatible con el pastoreo. Son las fincas con mayor producción anual de leche 53.5 miles de litros, pero mayor cantidad de cárcavas (ha-1).
The invertebrates are the most diverse group in the world; they colonize almost all the ecosystems and certainly give many goods and services to the human beings. The invertebrates that live in the soil contribute consistently with changes in the ecosystemic functions, affecting directly: nutrients, cycle, change in biomass contain ecological nets and inter specific relations for more voluminous organisms. For this exercise were taken the information of the six more representative magazines (2010-2016). The invertebrates in the tropics are maybe the most diverse group, although in the checking stage carried out only 64% represented tropical zones or subtropical exclusively, the rest is a comparison with temperate zones or global studious. Because of its diversity, many invertebrates are waiting for their taxonomical descriptions; many specialists are not from tropical countries. Brazil is the country with more investigations about this theme with its own investigators. No all the invertebrates have received the same attention, and the most studied groups are the orders Hymenoptera (20%), Coleopteran (12%) and Araneae (6%), many families without identification (25%), distinguishing studious in Fomicidae (24%) and Scarabaeinae (8%) mainly. The tendency is to work with those that are better described. The articles selected constitute a key for identifying the most useable methodologies, where the fall trap (30%), quadrant (11%) and transecto (9%), are remarkable over 24 methodologies, the most widespread time of studious was for only one season (< 1 year) the central point of the search in the soil (40%) and the fallen leaves (38%).
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