Single-agent, single-target therapeutic approaches are often limited by a complex disease pathobiology. We report rationally designed, multi-target agents for myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). DM1 originates in an abnormal expansion of CTG repeats (CTG(exp)) in the DMPK gene. The resultant expanded CUG transcript (CUG(exp)) identified as a toxic agent sequesters important proteins, such as muscleblind-like proteins (MBNL), undergoes repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation, and potentially causes microRNA dysregulation. We report rationally designed small molecules that target the DM1 pathobiology in vitro in three distinct ways by acting simultaneously as transcription inhibitors, by inhibiting aberrant protein binding to the toxic RNA, and by acting as RNase mimics to degrade the toxic RNA. In vitro, the agents are shown to (1) bind CTG(exp) and inhibit formation of the CUG(exp) transcript, (2) bind CUG(exp) and inhibit sequestration of MBNL1, and (3) cleave CUG(exp) in an RNase-like manner. The most potent compounds are capable of reducing the levels of CUG(exp) in DM1 model cells, and one reverses two separate CUG(exp)-induced phenotypes in a DM1 Drosophila model.

Developing highly active, multivalent ligands as therapeutic agents is challenging because of delivery issues, limited cell permeability, and toxicity. Here, we report intrinsically cell-penetrating multivalent ligands that target the trinucleotide repeat DNA and RNA in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), interrupting the disease progression in two ways. The oligomeric ligands are designed based on the repetitive structure of the target with recognition moieties alternating with bisamidinium groove binders to provide an amphiphilic and polycationic structure, mimicking cell-penetrating peptides. Multiple biological studies suggested the success of our multivalency strategy. The designed oligomers maintained cell permeability and exhibited no apparent toxicity both in cells and in mice at working concentrations. Furthermore, the oligomers showed important activities in DM1 cells and in a DM1 liver mouse model, reducing or eliminating prominent DM1 features. Phenotypic recovery of the climbing defect in adult DM1 Drosophila was also observed. This design strategy should be applicable to other repeat expansion diseases and more generally to DNA/RNA-targeted therapeutics.

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We describe the molecular design, synthesis, and investigation of a series of acridinetriaminotriazine macrocycles that selectively bind to CTG trinucleotide repeats in DNA with minimal nonspecific binding. The limited conformational flexibility enforces the stacking of the triaminotriazine and acridine units. Isothermal titration calorimetry studies and Job plot analyses revealed that the ligands bound to d(CTG) mismatched sites. The acridine and triaminotriazine units were shown to intramolecularly π-stack in aqueous solutions. Compared to a noncyclic analog, the macrocycles showed an almost 10-fold lower cytotoxicity in HeLa cells and up to 4fold higher transcription inhibition of d(CTG•CAG) 74 .

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Three-dimensional cultures have exciting potential to mimic aspects of healthy and diseased brain tissue to examine the role of physiological conditions on neural biomarkers as well as disease onset and progression. Hypoxia is associated with oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and inflammation, key processes potentially involved in Alzheimer's and multiple sclerosis. We describe the use of an enzymatically-crosslinkable gelatin hydrogel system within a microfluidic device to explore the effects of hypoxia-induced oxidative stress on neuroglia, astrocyte reactivity, and myelin production. This versatile platform offers new possibilities for drug discovery and modeling disease progression.

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