Selective androgen receptor modulators were developed as a treatment of choice for diseases that are currently treated or symtomatically treated with steroidal androgens. The present study aimed to explore the metabolic pathways of four structurally unrelated SARMs, namely, PF‐06260414, TFM‐4AS‐1, BMS‐564929, and GSK 2881078, in terms of their potential toxicology or doping control analysis. Detected metabolism, mainly resulting from a single or multiple hydroxylations, methoxylation, demethylation, dehydrogenation, and glucuronidation, was considered as potential markers of intake of examined SARMs.

No abstract

Environmental context Electrochemistry offers potential applications for environmental remediation. Pentachlorophenol, a highly toxic and recalcitrant halogenated compound, is degraded by a novel oxidant produced electrochemically, and the intermediates and products of the degradation are investigated. Cyclic remediation systems merit further study. Abstract The use of electrochemically generated Ag(OH)4− as a strong oxidising agent was evaluated for the treatment of a model hazardous and recalcitrant organochlorinated pollutant, pentachlorophenol (PCP). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) or with electron capture detection (GC-ECD), gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection and UV-visible spectroscopy were utilised to investigate intermediates and products generated during such treatment. From these, it was deduced that dechlorination occurred first, followed by an oxidative ring opening at the C=C bond that destabilised the remaining structure and generated tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone, 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (or 2,3,5-trichlorophenol), 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (or 2,3,6-trichlorophenol) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (or 3,4-dichlorophenol). In contrast to other remediation methods (e.g. incineration) no highly toxic molecules such as dioxins were generated by this novel degradation system.

<div><p class="Abstract">The analysis of the global DNA methylation, calculated as the percentage of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) over the total sum of cytosines, is a well stablished biomarker for monitoring large scale epigenetic events in organisms. DNA purification, hydrolysis, separation and detection methods are critical steps to determine this biomarker. In the present work is proposed a robust procedure for DNA acid-hydrolysis assisted by microwave that provides identical DNA methylation patterns that enzymatic hydrolysis and better release of 5mC than acid classic method. The quantification was performed using a gas chromatographer coupled to a mass spectrometer with triple quadrupole as mass analyzer (GC-TQ-MS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode for the trimethylsilyl-derivates of nucleobases; following the transitions of 254→238, 240→170 and 254→238, 254→184 (m/z) for C and 5mC respectively, was achieved a limit of detection of 0.46 fmol for C and 0.41 fmol for 5mC. The proposed procedure is capable of determine 0.004% of 5mC in 50 ng of DNA in a chromatographic time of 10 minutes, being a good alternative to LC-MS/MS analysis.</p></div>