BackgroundCitrus canker is a disease that has severe economic impact on the citrus industry worldwide. There are three types of canker, called A, B, and C. The three types have different phenotypes and affect different citrus species. The causative agent for type A is Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, whose genome sequence was made available in 2002. Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii strain B causes canker B and Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii strain C causes canker C.ResultsWe have sequenced the genomes of strains B and C to draft status. We have compared their genomic content to X. citri subsp. citri and to other Xanthomonas genomes, with special emphasis on type III secreted effector repertoires. In addition to pthA, already known to be present in all three citrus canker strains, two additional effector genes, xopE3 and xopAI, are also present in all three strains and are both located on the same putative genomic island. These two effector genes, along with one other effector-like gene in the same region, are thus good candidates for being pathogenicity factors on citrus. Numerous gene content differences also exist between the three cankers strains, which can be correlated with their different virulence and host range. Particular attention was placed on the analysis of genes involved in biofilm formation and quorum sensing, type IV secretion, flagellum synthesis and motility, lipopolysacharide synthesis, and on the gene xacPNP, which codes for a natriuretic protein.ConclusionWe have uncovered numerous commonalities and differences in gene content between the genomes of the pathogenic agents causing citrus canker A, B, and C and other Xanthomonas genomes. Molecular genetics can now be employed to determine the role of these genes in plant-microbe interactions. The gained knowledge will be instrumental for improving citrus canker control.

Fungal infections represent a significant concern worldwide, contributing to human morbidity and mortality. Dermatophyte infections are among the most significant mycoses, and Trichophyton rubrum appears to be the principal causative agent. Thus, an understanding of its pathophysiology is urgently required. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that the APSES family of transcription factors (Asm1p, Phd1p, Sok2p, Efg1p, and StuA) is an important point of vulnerability in fungal pathogens and a potential therapeutic target. These transcription factors are unique to fungi, contributing to cell differentiation and adaptation to environmental cues and virulence. It has recently been demonstrated that StuA plays a pleiotropic role in dermatophyte pathophysiology. It was suggested that it functions as a mediator of crosstalk between different pathways that ultimately contribute to adaptive responses and fungal-host interactions. The complex regulation of StuA and its interaction pathways are yet to be unveiled. Thus, this study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of StuA-regulated processes in T. rubrum by assessing global gene expression following growth on keratin or glucose sources. The data showed the involvement of StuA in biological processes related to central carbon metabolism and glycerol catabolism, reactive oxygen species metabolism, and cell wall construction. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism may be responsible for the significant alteration in cell wall pattern and consequently in cell-cell interaction and adhesion. Loss of StuA led to impaired biofilm production and promoted proinflammatory cytokine secretion in a human keratinocyte cell line. We also observed the StuA-dependent regulation of catalase genes. Altogether, these data demonstrate the multitude of regulatory targets of StuA with a critical role in central metabolism that may ultimately trigger a cascade of secondary effects with substantial impact on fungal physiology and virulence traits.

The environmental challenges imposed onto fungal pathogens require a dynamic metabolic modulation, which relies on activation or repression of critical factors and is essential for the establishment and perpetuation of host infection. Wherefore, to overcome the different host microenvironments, pathogens not only depend on virulence factors but also on metabolic flexibility, which ensures their dynamic response to stress conditions in the host. Here, we evaluate Trichophyton rubrum interaction with keratin from a metabolic perspective. We present information about gene modulation of the dermatophyte during early infection stage after shifting from glucose- to keratin-containing culture media, in relation to its use of glucose as the carbon source. Analyzing T. rubrum transcriptome using high-throughput RNA-sequencing technology, we identified the modulation of essential genes related to nitrogen, fatty acid, ergosterol, and carbohydrate metabolisms, among a myriad of other genes necessary for the growth of T. rubrum in keratinized tissues. Our results provide reliable and critical strategies for adaptation to keratin and confirm that the urea-degrading activity associated with the reduction in disulfide bonds and proteolytic activity facilitated keratin degradation. The global modulation orchestrates the responses that support virulence and the proper adaptation to keratin compared with glucose as the carbon source. The gene expression profiling of the host-pathogen interaction highlights candidate genes involved in fungal adaptation and survival and elucidates the machinery required for the establishment of the initial stages of infection.

The aim of the present study was to identify and characterize polymorphisms within the 5' flanking region, first exon and part of first intron of the bovine growth hormone gene among different beef cattle breeds: Nelore (n = 25), Simmental (n = 39), Simbrasil (n = 24), Simmental x Nelore (n = 30), Canchim x Nelore (n = 30) and Angus x Nelore (n = 30). Two DNA fragments (GH1, 464 bp and GH2, 453 bp) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and then used for polymorphism identification by SSCP. Within the GH1 fragment, five polymorphisms were identified, corresponding to three different alleles: GH1.1, GH1.2 and GH1.3 (GenBank: AY662648, AY662649 and AY662650, respectively). These allele sequences were aligned and compared with bovine GH gene nucleotide sequence (GenBank: M57764 and AF118837), resulting in the identification of five insertion/deletions (INDELs) and five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In the GH2 fragment two alleles were identified, GH2.1 and GH2.2 (GenBank: AY662651 and AY662652, respectively). The allele sequences were compared with GenBank sequences (M57764, AF007750 and AH009106) and three INDELs and four SNPs were identified. In conclusion, we were able to identify six new polymorphisms of the bovine GH gene (one INDEL and five SNPs), which can be used as molecular markers in genetic studies.

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Signaling pathways are highly diverse in filamentous fungi, allowing the cells to receive and process ambient information. Interaction of components from different pathways results in signaling networks. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is dependent on phosphorylation that is accomplished by kinase proteins. Thus, the STE/PAK protein kinase family plays essential roles in MAPK signal transduction, regulating several cellular functions. The STE/PAK protein displays an autoinhibitory (Cdc42/Rac interactive binding—CRIB) domain on its N-terminal portion, which interacts with the C-terminal catalytic kinase domain. Based on current knowledge, for the STE/PAK kinase to be activated, molecular signals (e.g., interaction with the activated form of Rac1 and Cdc42 proteins) or proteolytic cleavage by caspase 3 is necessary. Both mechanisms release the kinase domain from the CRIB interaction. Here, we hypothesize a novel molecular mechanism for the activation of STE20/PAKA kinase in Trichophyton rubrum based on an alternative pre-mRNA splicing process. Our data suggest that, because of the retention of intron 1 of this gene, it is theoretically possible that the translation of STE20/PAKA kinase will be free of its autoinhibitory CRIB domain. These findings indicate a rapid response system to environmental changes. Furthermore, STE20/PAKA may be a potential T. rubrum virulence factor and an interesting target for new drugs against dermatophytes.

RESUMO -Os últimos vinte anos caracterizaram-se pela proliferação de tecnologias que tornaram possível decifrar o genoma das espécies, localizar e identificar particularidades na sua seqüência, elucidar as suas funções dentro dos sistemas biológicos e, sobretudo, começar a entender os mecanismos que controlam as interações entre os genótipos e os estímulos ambientais, que são responsáveis pela diversidade fenotípica. Estes estudos sobre as bases moleculares da variabilidade fenotípica abriram uma nova abordagem científica, caracterizada pela multiplicidade das questões envolvidas, que resultou no surgimento de novas áreas de pesquisa, cujos conhecimentos estão sendo aplicados em diversos campos da biologia, inclusive na zootecnia. Tendo em vista o grande impacto que tais conhecimentos estão tendo sobre a compreensão dos fenômenos biológicos, parece ser oportuno fazer uma avaliação das potencialidades de aplicação das abordagens de Genômica Funcional em pesquisas de nutrição e alimentação de ruminantes. Nesse contexto, este artigo está focado na descrição das principais "ferramentas genômicas" disponíveis e na discussão sobre a viabilidade de se utilizar as informações por elas geradas em benefício da produção animal.Palavras-chave: bovinos, expressão gênica, genômica funcional, microarrays, nutrição, polimorfismo Functional genomics in the field of animal science:state-of-the-art and perspectives ABSTRACT -The last twenty years have been characterized by some remarkable technological advances in the field of genomics which were essential to unveil the genome of varies species. Furthermore, these genomic advances contributed to pinpoint particularities in genome sequences which might be associated with phenotypic variations, therefore, it became possible to study functions associated with specific sequences in a more holistic context within biological systems. More importantly, the blossoming in genomics contributed to a better understanding on the mechanisms that control the interactions between genotype and environmental factors which are responsible for phenotypic variability. Genomic advances also promoted innovative and multi-dimensional scientific perspectives in research fields of biology, such as in animal science. Having in mind the remarkable impacts of genomics on the understanding of biological phenomena, it becomes clear that an assessment of the potential applications of functional genomics in the field ruminant nutrition should be performed. For this reason, this paper reviews several important genomic tools, and discusses the feasibility of using these tools towards an enhancement of animal production. IntroduçãoOs conhecimentos sobre a natureza e conteúdo da informação genética, assim como as tecnologias disponíveis para o seqüenciamento de genomas em larga escala, evoluíram de uma forma sem precedentes nas duas últimas décadas, permitindo que os bancos de dados públicos acumulassem um enorme volume de informações acerca das seqüências de nucleotídeos de diversos genomas, dentre os quais o dos b...

This present work aims to describe a probable mechanism for activation of a Ste20/PakA protein kinase through intron retention process, modulated by the antifungal agent undecanoic acid (UDA). Ste20/PakA belongs to the Trichophyton rubrum mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. For this, approximately 1 × 10 6 conidia/mL from T. rubrum strain CBS 118892 was inoculated in Sabouraud medium and pre-cultured