The immune system consists of an intricate network of organs, cells, and molecules responsible for maintaining the body's homeostasis and responding to aggression in general. Innate immunity operates in conjunction with adaptive immunity and is characterized by rapid response to aggression, regardless of previous stimulus, being the organism first line of defense. Its mechanisms include physical, chemical and biological barriers, cellular components, as well as soluble molecules. The organism first line of defense against tissue damage involves several steps closely integrated and constituted by different components of this system. The aim of this review is to restore the foundations of this response, which has high complexity and consists of several components that converge to articulate the development of adaptive immune response. We selected some of the following steps to review: perception and molecular recognition of aggressive agents; activation of intracellular pathways, which result in vascular and tissue changes; production of a myriad of mediators with local and systemic effects on cell activation and proliferation, synthesis of new products involved in the chemoattraction and migration of cells specialized in destruction and removal of offending agent; and finally, tissue recovery with restoration of functional tissue or organ.

The present study has provided data supporting normal Treg cell frequency in A-SLE and I-SLE as well as increased frequency of Teff cells in A-SLE. This scenario reflects a Treg/Teff ratio imbalance that may favour the inflammatory phenotype of the disease. In addition, the increased frequency of T cells with putative intermediate phenotypes may be compatible with a highly dynamic immune system in SLE.

The immune system consists of an intricate network of organs, cells, and molecules responsible for maintaining the body's homeostasis and responding to aggression in general. Innate immunity operates in conjunction with adaptive immunity and is characterized by rapid response to aggression, regardless of previous stimulus, being the organism first line of defense. Its mechanisms include physical, chemical and biological barriers, cellular components, as well as soluble molecules. The organism first line of defense against tissue damage involves several steps closely integrated and constituted by different components of this system. The aim of this review is to restore the foundations of this response, which has high complexity and consists of several components that converge to articulate the development of adaptive immune response. We selected some of the following steps to review: perception and molecular recognition of aggressive agents; activation of intracellular pathways, which result in vascular and tissue changes; production of a myriad of mediators with local and systemic effects on cell activation and proliferation, synthesis of new products involved in the chemoattraction and migration of cells specialized in destruction and removal of offending agent; and finally, tissue recovery with restoration of functional tissue or organ.

The immune system consists of an intricate network of organs, cells, and molecules responsible for maintaining the body's homeostasis and responding to aggression in general. Innate immunity operates in conjunction with adaptive immunity and is characterized by rapid response to aggression, regardless of previous stimulus, being the organism first line of defense. Its mechanisms include physical, chemical and biological barriers, cellular components, as well as soluble molecules. The organism first line of defense against tissue damage involves several steps closely integrated and constituted by different components of this system. The aim of this review is to restore the foundations of this response, which has high complexity and consists of several components that converge to articulate the development of adaptive immune response. We selected some of the following steps to review: perception and molecular recognition of aggressive agents; activation of intracellular pathways, which result in vascular and tissue changes; production of a myriad of mediators with local and systemic effects on cell activation and proliferation, synthesis of new products involved in the chemoattraction and migration of cells specialized in destruction and removal of offending agent; and finally, tissue recovery with restoration of functional tissue or organ.

RESUMOO sistema imune sadio deve manter o balanço entre a capacidade de responder a agentes infecciosos e de sustentar a autotolerância. A ausência de resposta adequada submete o indivíduo aos efeitos deletérios da invasão por patógenos, ao passo que o sistema respondendo de modo exacerbado pode gerar respostas inflamatórias prejudiciais. Acreditava-se que os mecanismos de deleção clonal e anergia fossem os mecanismos essenciais no controle de clones de linfócitos T auto-reativos. Apesar das evidências funcionais a favor da existência de células T supressoras, por muitos anos a imunologia falhou em identificar suas características fenotípicas e confirmar sua existência, motivo pelo qual o tema passou por longo período de descrédito. A recente demonstração de diferentes fenótipos de células, agora chamadas células T regulatórias, reintroduziu o paradigma de que a auto-reatividade é ativamente regulada também por subtipos particulares de linfócitos. Este tema é de grande interesse contemporâneo e a literatura está repleta de estudos descrevendo novos subtipos de células regulatórias, bem como a função, o fenótipo e a freqüência em condições fisiológicas e patológicas. Nesse universo, destaca-se o subtipo mais importante de células com função imunorregulatória, conhecido como células T regulatórias naturais (T REGS ). Representando cerca de 5% dos linfócitos T CD4 do sangue periférico, são células caracterizadas pela expressão constitutiva das moléculas FOXP3, GITR, CTLA-4 e altos níveis de CD25. As alterações deletérias nesta população resultam o desencadeamento de doenças auto-imunes em camundongos, muito semelhantes às doenças auto-imunes humanas. A presente revisão aborda os conhecimentos básicos sobre as T REGS e seu estudo em doenças reumáticas de classificação auto-imune, abrindo perspectivas para o entendimento dos mecanismos de regulação periférica e sobre a fisiopatologia dessas enfermidades. Apresenta, ainda, a perspectiva de futuras abordagens terapêuticas fundamentadas na manipulação dessas células.Palavras-chave: células T regulatórias, T REGS , CD4 + CD25 + , Foxp3, doenças auto-imunes, tolerância imunológica. ABSTRACTThe healthy immune system must keep the delicate balance between the capacity to respond to exogenous antigens and to keep the tolerance to endogenous antigens. In the absence of an adequate response to exogenous agents the individual is subjected to the deleterious effect of the invasion for pathogens. On the other hand, if the immune system responds in an unwary exacerbated way harmful inflammatory consequences may result. Well-established mechanisms of maintaining selftolerance include clonal deletion and anergy. Despite the functional evidence in favor of the existence of suppressor T cells, for many years immunologists failed to identify the phenotypic characteristics and to confirm the existence of these lymphocytes. The recent demonstration of different phenotypes of cells, now designated regulatory T cells, reintroduced the paradigm of active regulation of auto-reactivity by part...

Taken together these data indicate the participation of recently activated Th17 cells and MTF cells in the SLE pathophysiology.

Regulatory T (TREG) cells play an important role in maintaining immune tolerance and avoiding autoimmunity. We analyzed the expression of membrane molecules in TREG and effector T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). TREG and effector T cells were analyzed for the expression of CTLA-4, PD1, CD28, CD95, GITR, HLA-DR, OX40, CD40L, and CD45RO in 26 patients with active disease, 31 with inactive disease, and 26 healthy controls. TREG cells were defined as CD25+/highCD127Ø/lowFoxP3+, and effector T cells were defined as CD25+CD127+FoxP3Ø. The ratio of TREG to effector T cells expressing GITR, PD1, HLA-DR, OX40, CD40L, and CD45RO was determined in the three groups. The frequency of TREG cells was similar in patients with SLE and controls. However, SLE patients had a decreased frequency of CTLA-4+TREG and CD28+TREG cells and an increased frequency of CD40L+TREG cells. There was a decrease in the TREG/effector-T ratio for GITR+, HLA-DR+, OX40+, and CD45RO+ cells, and an increased ratio of TREG/effector-T CD40L+ cells in patients with SLE. In addition, CD40L+TREG cell frequency correlated with the SLE disease activity index (P=0.0163). In conclusion, our findings showed several abnormalities in the expression of functionally critical surface molecules in TREG and effector T cells in SLE that may be relevant to the pathogenesis of this disease.

Taken together these data indicate the participation of recently activated Th17 cells and MTF cells in the SLE pathophysiology.