Much of the literature on the urban legacy of the 2012 Olympics Games emerging in recent years has emphasized the form that development has taken and the ways in which this aligns (or not) with specific promises made in terms of regeneration before the Games. Though plenty of discussion of planning procedure has occurred in this context, less emphasis has been placed on how the process, rather than the products, of urban change has been envisioned through legacy planning and urban design, and the significance of this for regeneration. Given that London's much-heralded 'regeneration legacy' was, from the early days of the Olympic bid, portrayed as a long-term process aimed at addressing historical issues of socioeconomic disparity in East London, and that planning and urban design would play key roles in anticipating it, this contribution to the literature is timely. The paper focuses on the period from 2008 to 2018, beginning with the launch of the what was called the Legacy Masterplan Framework. Drawing on empirical analysis of documents describing the main stages of legacy planning and design between these years, it then examines how regeneration as a 'futurescape' encompassing numerous aspects of timing and temporality has been anticipated, planned and evolved.
An issue commonly identified with the vast and costly developments that cities produce to host the Olympic Games is that they are prone to becoming 'white elephants'obsolete or underused constructions that become cost burdens for cities. White elephants are particularly associated with some of the most recent Games of the twenty-first century, as reflected in accounts of 'limping' or obsolete venues in Sydney, Athens, Beijing, Rio and Sochi. This paper begins with a review of issues associated with spatial planning, architecture and planning process in the production of white elephants in Olympic history. It goes on to provide an historical account of London's efforts from 2002 to 2012 avoid attracting a repetition of the critique that followed earlier Olympics. Finally, it assesses its ongoing efforts and record over the six-year period from 2012 to 2018.
The four stereoisomers of the muscarinic agonist 7 have been synthesized from enantiomerically pure exo-azanorbornane esters (13a,b). The esters were obtained in optically active form by separation of the carboxamide diastereomers 12a,b, formed from the borane complex of exo-azanorbornane-3-carboxylate 10 and a chiral amine auxiliary. Using the known chirality of (R)-alpha-methylbenzylamine, an X-ray analysis was accomplished on 12a in order to determine the absolute configuration of the azanorbornane C4 chiral center. Each of the chiral esters 13a,b was separately transformed into the oxadiazoles with concomitant epimerization at C3 of the azanorbornane ring to afford the thermodynamic equilibrium mixture of isomers. Chromatographic separation followed by analysis of each isomer by NMR and GC allowed the absolute stereochemistry of all four isomers of 7 to be confirmed. Full biological evaluation in biochemical and pharmacological assays revealed that the 3R,4R isomer was the most active on receptor binding studies and the most potent on the pharmacological preparations, showing a 50-fold increase in potency at the M2 and M3 sites compared to M1.
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