The results of EuReCa ONE highlight that OHCA is still a major public health problem accounting for a substantial number of deaths in Europe. EuReCa ONE very clearly demonstrates marked differences in the processes for data collection and reported outcomes following OHCA all over Europe. Using these data and analyses, different countries, regions, systems, and concepts can benchmark themselves and may learn from each other to further improve survival following one of our major health care events.

Our randomized study showed that the e-learning course is an effective tool for the acquisition of ECG interpretation skills by medical students. These preliminary results should be confirmed with further multicenter studies before the implementation of e-learning courses for learning ECG interpretation skills during medical school.

A piece of rope or cord can be tied into different knots with their, often contrasting, properties exploited in a range of applications, from shoelaces to the knots used for climbing, fishing and sailing. 1 Although knots are found in DNA and proteins, 2 and form randomly in other long polymer chains, 3,4 there is currently a lack of methods for tying 5 different sorts of knots in a synthetic nanoscale strand. Here we show that interspersing coordination sites for different metal ions within an artificial molecular strand enables it to be tied into multiple knots. Three topoisomers-an unknot (01) macrocycle, a trefoil (31) knot, [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] and a three-twist (52) knot-were each selectively prepared from the same molecular strand by using transition metal and lanthanide ions to guide chain folding in a manner reminiscent of the role played by protein chaperones. 16 We find that the metal-ion-induced folding can proceed with stereoinduction: for one knot a lanthanide(III)-coordinated crossing pattern only formed with a copper(I)coordinated crossing of particular handedness. In an unanticipated finding, metal ion coordination was also found to be able to translocate an entanglement from one region of a knotted molecular structure to another, resulting in an increase in writhe (topological strain) in the new knotted conformation. The knot topology affects the chemical properties of the strand: while the tighter 52 knot can bind two, different, metal ions simultaneously, the looser 31 isomer can only bind either one Cu(I) ion or one Lu(III) ion. The ability to tie nanoscale chains into different knots offers new opportunities to explore for modifying the structure and properties of synthetic oligomers, polymers and supramolecules.

Our findings showed that the ECG interpretation was not optimal and that our e-learning program may be an effective tool for enhancing ECG interpretation skills among ED residents. A large European study should be carried out to evaluate ECG interpretation skills among ED residents before the implementation of ECG learning, including e-learning strategies, during ED residency.