Europium and terbium trisdipicolinate complexes are inkjet printed onto paper with commercially available desktop inkjet printers. Together with a commercial blue luminescent ink, the red‐emitting luminescent ink containing europium and the green‐emitting luminescent ink containing terbium are used to reproduce accurate full color images that are invisible under white light and appear under a 254 nm UV light. Such invisible luminescent images are attractive anti‐counterfeiting security features. The luminescent prints have a color range (gamut) nearly as wide as the gamut of a standard sRGB display. The gamut of the luminescent prints is determined by relying on a simple model predicting the relative spectral radiant emittances of any printed luminescent color halftone. The model is also used to establish the correspondence between the surface coverages of the printed luminescent inks and the emitted color of these luminescent halftones. The accuracy of the spectral prediction model is very good and can be rationalized by the absence of quenching when the luminescent lanthanide complexes are printed in superposition with the other luminescent materials.
Luminescent lanthanide (Ln(III)) complexes with coumarin or carbostyril antennae were synthesized and their photophysical properties evaluated using steady-state and time-resolved UV-vis spectroscopy. Ligands bearing distant hydroxycoumarin-derived antennae attached through triazole linkers were modest sensitizers for Eu(III) and Tb(III), whereas ligands with 7-amidocarbostyrils directly linked to the coordination site could reach good quantum yields for multiple Ln(III), including the visible emitters Sm(III) and Dy(III), and the near-infrared emitters Nd(III) and Yb(III). The highest lanthanide-centered luminescence quantum yields were 35% (Tb), 7.9% (Eu), 0.67% (Dy), and 0.18% (Sm). Antennae providing similar luminescence intensities with 2-4 Ln-emitters were identified. Photoredox quenching of the carbostyril antenna excited states was observed for all Eu(III)-complexes and should be sensitizing in the case of Yb(III); the scope of the process extends to Ln(III) for which it has not been seen previously, specifically Dy(III) and Sm(III). The proposed process is supported by photophysical and electrochemical data. A FRET-type mechanism was identified in architectures with both distant and close antennae for all of the Lns. This mechanism seems to be the only sensitizing one at long distance and probably contributes to the sensitization at shorter distances along with the triplet pathway. The complexes were nontoxic to either bacterial or mammalian cells. Complexes of an ester-functionalized ligand were taken up by bacteria in a concentration-dependent manner. Our results suggest that the effects of FRET and photoredox quenching should be taken into consideration when designing luminescent Ln complexes. These results also establish these Ln(III)-complexes for multiplex detection beyond the available two-color systems.
A series of lanthanide complexes [Ln(dpxCy)3](3-) have been synthesised. The ligands are composed of a coordinating dipicolinic acid backbone decorated with a polyoxyethylene arm fitted with a coumarin moiety at its extremity. The nature of the coumarin as well as the length of the linker have been varied. Upon excitation at 320 nm, the coumarin exclusively acts as an antenna while the dipicolinic acid core is not excited. Upon excitation below 300 nm, both parts are excited. With europium as a metal centre, the relaxation of the europium ion (intrinsic quantum yield Φ(Eu)(Eu) and radiative lifetime τr) is constant for all the studied ligands. Therefore, the observed differences in overall quantum yield (Φ(Eu)(L)) in such systems come exclusively from the variation of the terminal coumarin. The overall quantum yields of the studied complexes are low (Φ(Eu)(L) < 2% in aqueous solution). In order to rationalise the mechanism of the energy transfer and to improve the sensitisation efficiency (ηsens), the distance between the coumarin sensitiser and the lanthanide centre was explored in solution and compared to the solid state. In the solid state, a dramatic effect was confirmed, with an improvement of 80% in the quantum yield Φ(Eu)(L) for short linkers ((-CH2CH2O-)n with n = 1 compared to n = 3). By monitoring the lifetime decay of the excited state of the lanthanide cation with nanosecond vs. microsecond time-resolved spectroscopy at low temperature, the sensitisation of the lanthanide ions by coumarin derivatives was demonstrated to mainly occur through the singlet excited state of the coumarin and not via the usual triplet pathway. No evidence of a different behaviour at room temperature was found by transient triplet-triplet absorption spectroscopy.
The first catalytic method for the cyclization of vinyl-cyclopropyl ketones (formal homo-Nazarov reaction) is reported. Starting from activated cyclopropanes, heterocyclic and carbocyclic compounds were obtained under mild conditions using Brønsted acid catalysts. Preliminary investigation of the reaction mechanism indicated a stepwise process.Carbocyclic and heterocyclic scaffolds occupy a privileged position in both natural products and pharmaceuticals. 1 Consequently, the development of cyclization and cycloaddition reactions for the efficient formation of cyclic structures is a very important goal in organic chemistry. In this respect, the development of new, highly stereoselective catalytic methods is crucial to allow a more efficient and environmentally friendly access to polycyclic molecules. 2 One classical approach towards the construction of cyclopentenone rings is the Nazarov reaction, which is the electrocyclic ring closure of a pentadienyl cation, followed by proton transfer (A, Scheme 1). 3 The potential of the Nazarov cyclization was recognized at an early stage in organic synthesis. Solutions to control the termination of the reaction were devised several decades ago, 3b but the necessity of using a stoichiometric amount of strong Lewis or Brønsted acids has limited the use of this reaction. However, in the last five years the first examples of catalytic Nazarov reactions using milder Lewis 3c-3n or Brønsted 3o,3p acids were reported, together with the first examples of asymmetric induction. 3e,3k,3l,3n, 3o Eisenberg, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 6864. (i) This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Organic Letters, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ol802970g. Scheme 1. Nazarov and Homo-Nazarov Cyclizations When considering these recent successes in the Nazarov reaction, we wondered if similar concepts could be successful in other cyclization reactions to access larger ring systems. A viable approach to access homologous rings via electrocyclic reactions is the substitution of a double bond by a cyclopropyl group, as exemplified by the divinylcyclopropyl rearrangement. 4 Intra-and intermolecular ring-opening of cyclopropyl ketones and diesters have been examined extensively. 5 The reaction of vinyl-cyclopropyl ketones has been less studied (B, Scheme 1). 6 Tsuge has reported the cyclization of vinyl-cyclopropyl ketones using an excess of polyphosphoric acid at 80°C, but this reaction was not general and several other products were obtained beside the desired cyclohexenones. 6a More work has been done on the related aryl-cyclopropyl ketones, first by Murphy for the synthesis of tetralones using an excess of SnCl4 as reagent. 6b-6d During completion of our work, Yadav also demonstrated that diverse polycyclic heterocycles could be accessed using 3 equivalents SnCl4 at 80°C,...
A para-poly(oxyethylene) dipicolinic acid derivative coupled to methylumbelliferone was synthesized and used as a ligand for coordination with europium ions. Characterization of the complex by mass spectrometry and spectrophotometry was performed in aqueous solution and points to the formation of the 1:3 Eu/L complex. Physicochemical properties are close to those of already reported dipicolinato complexes, confirming that the presence of a coumarin chromophore does not interfere with complex formation. Photophysical measurements result in observed lifetimes of 1.4 ms and intrinsic quantum yields, Φ Eu Eu , ranging from 33 to 50 % (depending on the solvent used). Selective excitation can be performed
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.